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In 2 years, around 30 lakhs artisans and craftsmen have been registered under the PM Vishwakarma Scheme.
Around 26 lakhs artisans and craftsmen have completed skill verification where 86% of them completed their basic training too.
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India’s international diaspora is about 30 million, the internal diaspora—measured by dispersed language groups across states—totals over 100 million, highlighting a far more significant domestic diasporic experience.
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India ranks third globally in scientific research and has climbed from 81st to 39th in the Global Innovation Index.
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Over 90% of the logistics industry is unorganized, leading to low productivity, unsafe work conditions, and limited career mobility
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According to the Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy, 370 of the 882 central laws have criminal provisions for 7,305 crimes.
Over 75% of all crimes are defined under laws that regulate areas beyond core criminal justice, such as shipping, taxation, financial institutions, and municipal governance.
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Regional Inequality & Developmental Gaps: States with higher industrial concentration, like Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu generally have higher income, employment, infrastructure, and GDP (Maharashtra (Rs 45.3 lakh cr, 2024-25), UP (Rs 25.5 lakh cr, 2023-24), and Tamil Nadu (Rs 17.3 lakh cr, 2024-25)
In contrast, states like Bihar ( GDP 8.5 lakh cr, 2023-24), Jharkhand (Rs 2.9 lakh cr, 2023-24), and most North-Eastern regions having fewer industries and lower industrial output, result in uneven economic development and wider gaps in living standards.
Gender Gap in Transplantation: A British Medical Journal analysis found that between 2018–2023, women accounted for 36,038 of 56,509 living organ donations but were recipients in only 17,041 cases.
Decadal data from NOTTO (2013–2023) revealed that the living Donor Transplants (2023): Women made up 63% of all living donors. However, women comprised only about:
24% of heart transplant recipients;
47% of lung recipients;
37% of kidney recipients;
30% of liver recipients;
26% of pancreas recipients.
Saumya Mishra AIR 18, UPSC-CSE 2024
Mains Strategy
🔆 Pollution Crisis in India: Key Data Points with Sources
✅ 2.3 million deaths in 2019 due to pollution in India
🟢 Source: Lancet Study
✅ India = 3rd most polluted country, New Delhi = world’s most polluted capital (5th year)
🟢 Source: World Air Quality Report 2023
✅ Air pollution losses = 8.5% of India’s GDP
🟢 Source: World Bank
✅ Air pollution = 3rd highest cause of death in India
🟢 Source: WHO
✅ 3,469 DALYs/100,000 due to air pollution
🟢 Source: SDG India Index 2024
✅ Life expectancy in Delhi cut by 11.9 years due to air pollution
🟢 Source: Air Quality Life Index Report 2023
✅ 1.2 lakh deaths annually due to landscape fires (2000–2019)
🟢 Source: Lancet
✅ 1,800 vehicles added daily in Delhi
🟢 Source: Delhi Transport Department
✅ 61% urban sewage goes untreated into water bodies
🟢 Source: CPCB
✅ 276 districts have contaminated groundwater (fluoride, arsenic, nitrate)
🟢 Source: CPCB
✅ Water pollution health costs = ₹470–610 billion/year ($6.7–8.7 billion)
🟢 Source: WEF
✅ Plastic production doubled from 234 mt (2000) to 460 mt (2019)
🟢 Source: Our World in Data
✅ Only 23% plastic mismanaged, but 5% leaks into environment, 1.7% to rivers
🟢 Source: Our World in Data
✅ Asia = 50% of global plastic production
🟢 Source: Our World in Data
✅ Only 10% of all plastic ever produced has been recycled
🟢 Source: UN & IUCN Report
✅ India = largest plastic polluter, 9.3 Mt/year (≈ 1/5th of global emissions)
🟢 Source: Nature Journal
✅ 89% plastic in oceans = Single Use Plastic
🟢 Source: UNEP
✅ 50% of plastic in India discarded after single use; 60% recycled
🟢 Source:MoEFCC
#Data #GS1 #GS2 #GS3 #mains #social_issue
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🔆Positive Impacts of Social Media on Democracy:
✅Enhanced political participation: Empowers citizens to engage in discussions and hold governments accountable.
🔸E.g. Youth-led campaigns during climate protests.
✅ Global connectivity: Enables sharing of ideas and real-time updates across borders.
🔸E.g. Ukraine-Russia conflict updates mobilized international aid.
✅ Amplification of Marginalized Voices: Offers a platform for underrepresented groups to voice concerns.
🔸E.g. MeToo movement started global conversations about gender justice.
✅Transparency and Accountability: Brings government actions under public scrutiny.
🔸E.g. Social media whistleblowers exposing corruption.
#polity #mains #GS2
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India has experienced a widening power deficit from 0.69% in FY20 to approximately 5% in FY24, despite significant growth in electricity generation and recent additions of renewable energy.
The UJALA (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All) scheme, launched a decade ago, has successfully reduced LED bulb prices from ₹500 to ₹70, making them widely accessible for household use.
India’s Renewable Rise: Non-Fossil Sources Now Power Half the Nation’s Grid
Achieves 50% clean power capacity five years ahead of target, setting global benchmark for sustainable growth
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📘 Land, Forest, and Water Data – Snapshot
✅ 1 million sq km of land is getting degraded each year, with an estimated 15 million sq km already impacted (more than the entire continent of Antarctica) by land degradation
🔹 UNCCD – Land Degradation
✅ 27.77% of the total land area is degraded
🔹 SDG India Index 2024 – Land Degradation
✅ 46% global land area classified as drylands, home to a third of humanity
🔹 UNCCD Report – Drylands
✅ Forest Cover in India = 25% of geographical area (81 million hectares)
🔹 ISFR 2021 – Forest Cover
✅ There has been a net increase of 58,891 sq km in forest cover and 14,277 sq km in tree cover in the last two decades (2001 to 2021)
🔹 ISFR 2021
✅ Area under mangroves = 4992 sq km
🔹 ISFR 2021 – Mangroves
✅ 1.3 million hectares area covered under afforestation schemes
🔹 SDG India Index 2024 – Afforestation
✅ Remaining global forest cover is 60% — well below the safe boundary of 75%
🔹 UNCCD report – Forest Cover
✅ 20% of Earth’s land surface covered by the savanna is now under threat from cropland expansion and poorly planned afforestation
🔹 UNCCD report – Grasslands
✅ 47% aquifers of the world are being depleted faster than they are replenished
🔹 UNCCD Report – Water
✅ More than 50% of world’s major rivers disrupted by dam construction
🔹 UNCCD Report – Water, Rivers, Dam
#Data #GS1 #GS2 #GS3 #mains
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Milk production in 2024–25: 248 MMT, consumption: 243 MMT (self-sufficient).
✅80+ million small farmers, average herd size 3–4 cows, yield per cow 1/8th of US or NZ levels.
✅70% of marketed milk handled by the unorganised sector, 30% by co-operatives & private dairies.
✅Dairy contributes 31% of India’s agricultural GDP, higher than cereals, pulses, or oilseeds.
✅Engages 80 million households, especially women, providing steady cash flow even in drought years.
Sea-Level Rise (SLR) refers to the gradual, long-term increase in ocean levels.
While the global average rise is approximately 3.2 mm per year, the Indian Ocean is experiencing a faster rate at 3.3 mm per year, intensifying challenges such as coral bleaching in regions like the Maldives, Lakshadweep, and the Chagos Archipelago
Growth of Health Insurance in India:
✅PMJAY (2018): Provides ₹5 lakh cover per household per year for inpatient care, covering 58.8 crore individuals (2023-24).
✅State Schemes (SHIPs): Most states run parallel programmes, together covering a similar population with budgets of ~₹16,000 crore.
✅Combined Expenditure: ~₹28,000 crore annually, growing at 8–25% in real terms (2018–2024).
✅Coverage vs Utilisation: While official coverage is high, only 35% of insured hospital patients could actually use the schemes (HCES 2022-23).
#Health
India has over 800 million internet users with rapidly growing social media penetration
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Tourism contributes around 5% of India’s GDP (compared to the global average of 10%).
Countries like Spain and UAE, where tourism accounts for about 12% of GDP, illustrate the potential when the sector is treated as a national growth priority.
In 2024, tourism generated $28 billion or Rs 2,45,000 crore in foreign exchange earnings for India.
The Union Budget 2025-26 allocated Rs. 20,000 crore to the Nuclear Energy Mission, targeting the deployment of five Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs) by 2033 to diversify energy infrastructure
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Skill Mismatch: India’s labour market problem extends beyond job scarcity to acute employability gaps:
Only 8.25% of graduates work in jobs matching their qualifications.
Over 53% of graduates and 36% of postgraduates are underemployed.
Only 4.9% of youth (15–29 years) have formal vocational training.
Wage Disparities:
Just 4.2% of graduates in specialized roles earn ₹4–8 lakh annually.
Nearly 46% in low-skill jobs earn less than ₹1 lakh per year.
🔆Legislature Insights/Facts
✅ 52% of newly elected MPs in 18th Lok Sabha are first timers
✅ The average age of 18th Lok Sabha is 56 years (lower than 59 of the previous Lok Sabha), 11% MPs are 40 years or younger
✅ 74 MPs (14%) elected to the 18th Lok Sabha are women (marginally lower than 2019), lower than countries like South Africa (46%), UK (35%), USA (29%)
✅ 78% of the MPs of the 18th Lok Sabha have completed at least undergraduate education
✅ 46% MPs have pending criminal cases, 31% have serious pending cases, 93% are worth over Rs 1 crore
✅ The 17th Lok Sabha (2019-24) had fewest sittings amongst all full-term Lok Sabhas till date
✅ About 31% time (17th LS) and 32% the (RS) was spent on discussions other than legislation and budgets
✅ During the 17th Lok Sabha, a total of 179 bills were passed, 58% of which were passed within two weeks on introduction, 35% of them were passed with less than an hour of discussion
✅ 729 Private member bills were introduced in the 17th LS, out of which only 2 were discussed
✅ Only 16% of bills were referred to Parliamentary Committees for detailed scrutiny during the 17th Lok Sabha
✅ 40 countries globally have laws similar to Anti Defection law wrt membership of political parties, but only 6 countries (India, Pakistan, B’desh, Guyana, Sierra Leone & Zimbabwe) have laws mandating legislators to vote according to party directions
✅ The overall success rate of defectors has declined from over 25% before 2004 to around 15% since 2009. In the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, 38 out of 264 defectors (14.4%) won. In the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, only 35 out of 205 defectors (17%) won their seats.
#IndianPolitics #LokSabha #WomenInPolitics #Legislation
🔆 OECD Report on Plastic Pollution
✅Plastic Use Surge: Projected to rise from 152 million tonnes (2022) to 280 million tonnes by 2050 in APT countries.
✅Waste Generation: Plastic waste will increase from 113 million tonnes to 242 million tonnes by 2050.
✅Packaging Waste: To grow from 49 million tonnes to 91 million tonnes.
✅Mismanaged Waste: Despite percentage reduction (29% in 2022 → 23% in 2050), absolute volume rises from 33 to 56 million tonnes.
✅Plastic Leakage: 8.4 million tonnes leaked into the environment in 2022; expected to hit 14.1 million tonnes by 2050, threatening oceans, rivers, and human health.
✅Climate Implications: Lifecycle emissions from plastics to nearly double from 0.6 to 1 GtCO₂e by 2050.
🔆 Animal Husbandry in India
✅ Livestock sector = 30% of agricultural GDP
📊 Agri Stats 2023
✅ India: Largest livestock population
• 55% buffaloes, 15% cattle (80% indigenous)
📊 Livestock Census 2019
✅ Dairy sector
• 70% of livestock GVA
• Largest milk producer for 20+ years
• Produces 20% of world milk
• Growth: 6%/year (above global avg)
📊 NDDB
✅ Fisheries growth
• ~11% CAGR since 2014-15
📊 MoFAHD
✅ 2023-24 Output
• Milk ↑ 4% → 239 MT
• Meat ↑ 5% → 10 MT
• Eggs ↑ 3% → 142 bn
📊 MoFAHD
#Data #GS3 #GS1 #mains #agriculture
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According to the ‘Animal Discoveries: New Species and New Records 2024 Report’ by the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), 683 species and subspecies were discovered across India in 2024 (641 in 2023).
It is the highest ever in a single year since formal documentation began in 2008.
Of these, 459 are globally new, while 224 are new records for India.
🔆India’s Tourism Sector:
✅India’s tourism sector, rich in heritage, culture, and diversity, is emerging as a global favorite and a key driver of economic growth.
✅India’s economy is $4 trillion today, expected to reach $32 trillion by 2047.
✅Tourism contributes 5–6% to India’s economy currently.
✅The aim is for tourism to contribute 10% of the economy by 2047 — aligning with global benchmarks.
✅India received 1.8% of world tourism receipts and attained a rank of 14th worldwide in world tourism receipts during 2023.
✅Projected Growth: Tourism sector expected to grow at a Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 24%.
✅Spiritual tourism: Every Indian state offers diverse and unique cultural experiences.
✅Sustainability Focus: Emphasis on sustainable tourism development alongside growth
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India’s Export Momentum Continues📈
▶️Significant Growth Across Electronics, Pharma, Marine Sectors, and Meat, Dairy & Poultry Products in June 2025
🔹 Electronic Goods exports increased by 46.93% from US$ 2.82 Billion in June 2024 to US$ 4.15 Billion in June 2025
🔆Trends in Digital Divide in India (NSS 2025):
✅Access Trends:
🔸97.1% youth use mobile phones; 73.4% own them.
🔸Ownership: Urban youth – 82%, Rural – 69.3%, Males – 83.3%, Females – 63%.
✅Usage Trends:
🔸91.3% of young women now use Internet (up from 77.1% in 2022).
🔸30.4% use Internet only for entertainment and higher among females (36%).
✅Skill Trends: 85.1% can send attachments, only 32.2% created presentations, 22.9% drafted documents.
✅Online banking: 68.7% youth, Female (57.5%) vs. Male (79.3%); Rural (63.4%) vs. Urban (79.7%).
✅Connectivity:
🔸91.6% urban households vs. 83.3% rural households have Internet.
🔸Only 7.2% of households have fibre-optic connections; rural share only 3.2%.
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