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Agri-export trends:
✅FY25 agri-exports: $52 billion (marking an increase of 6.3% from $48.9 billion in FY24).
✅2030 target: $100 billion - this means that current growth is inadequate.
✅Comparative growth:
🔸FY05–FY14: 20% annual growth.
🔸FY15–FY25: Slowed to 2.3% per annum.
✅Agri-trade surplus: Shrunk from $27.7 billion (FY14) to $13.8 billion (FY25).
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India’s Elderly Population:
In India, persons aged 60 and above are considered elderly as per government schemes and census classifications.
As per 2020 Population Projections Report, India had 103.8 million elderly in 2011, expected to reach 193.4 million by 2031.
By 2050, India’s senior citizen population may cross 300 million, driven by declining fertility and increased life expectancy
India requires approximately 350 lakh tonnes of urea annually, with 40 lakh tonnes being imported. The government heavily subsidizes urea, selling a 45-kg bag that costs around ₹3,000 at ₹242 to farmers.
In 2023-24, the government spent ₹1.3 lakh crore on urea subsidies. A conventional urea bag provides about 20 kg of nitrogen in a plant-usable form.
Nano-urea contains 4% (w/v) nitrogen in its 500ml solution, equivalent to 20 grams of nitrogen - approximately one-thousandth of the nitrogen present in a conventional urea bag.
India’s poverty rate at the $3.65 PPP line dropped from 52% in 2011-12 to 15.1% in 2023-24. Extreme poverty at the $1.90 PPP line is now below 1%.
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✅Exports from MSMEs increased from Rs 3.95 lakh crore in 2020-21 to Rs 12.39 lakh crore in 2024-25.
✅The number of exporting MSMEs surged from 52,849 in 2020-21 to 1,73,350 in 2024-25.
✅The contribution of MSMEs to India's overall exports has steadily risen. MSMEs accounted for 43.59% of total exports in 2022-23, 45.73% in 2023-24, and 45.79% in 2024-25 (up to May 2024).
The Government provides financial assistance of 55% to the small and marginal farmers and of 45% to other farmers of the project cost for installation of drip and sprinkler systems under the PDMC.
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India’s insurance sector has attracted Rs 82,847 crore in FDI since 2000, driving growth and improving operations
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India and Gig Economy
In 2020, 7.7 million workers were engaged in the gig economy.
The gig workforce is expected to expand to 23.5 million workers or 4.1% of total workforce by 2029-30.
At present about 47% of the gig work is in medium skilled jobs, about 22% in high skilled, and about 31% in low skilled jobs.
Its contribution to India’s gross domestic product (GDP) is estimated to be substantial, with the potential to add 1.25% to GDP by 2030, and create 90 million jobs in the long term.
🔆 India's Energy Transition
✅ 217.62 GW non-fossil fuel capacity (Jan 2025)
✅ National Green Hydrogen Mission: ₹8L Cr investment, 5 MMT target (2030)
✅ Solar Boom: 97.86 GW (2025) from 9 GW (2016)
✅ Wind Energy: 48.16 GW, backed by CCDC Initiative
✅ PM-KUSUM & Surya Ghar Yojana: Solar for farmers & homes
✅ Future: ₹7,453 Cr offshore wind push, 6L green jobs by 2030
🌍 India leads in clean energy, ensuring security & sustainability!
India’s digital economy contributed 11.74% to GDP in 2022-23 (₹31.64 lakh crore) and employed 14.67 million workers. Productivity in this sector is five times higher than others, with its share projected to reach 20% of GVA by 2029-30.
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Expanding Healthcare Access: As of June 2022, there were over 13 lakh allopathic doctors and over 5.5 lakh AYUSH practitioners in India.
India's doctor-population ratio is 1:836, surpassing the World Health Organization (WHO) standard of 1:1000, but most doctors are concentrated in urban areas, limiting rural healthcare access
India requires approximately 350 lakh tonnes of urea annually, with 40 lakh tonnes being imported. The government heavily subsidizes urea, selling a 45-kg bag that costs around ₹3,000 at ₹242 to farmers.
In 2023-24, the government spent ₹1.3 lakh crore on urea subsidies. A conventional urea bag provides about 20 kg of nitrogen in a plant-usable form.
Nano-urea contains 4% (w/v) nitrogen in its 500ml solution, equivalent to 20 grams of nitrogen - approximately one-thousandth of the nitrogen present in a conventional urea bag.
Broadband Connectivity in India
In 2023, India had 83.22 crore broadband connections, with 79.98 crore being wireless and 3.23 crore being wireline.
India witnessed a 200% increase in internet subscriptions in rural areas and a 158% increase in urban areas between 2015 and 2021.
The NBM 1.0 accelerated growth in digital infrastructure, especially in rural areas, bridging the digital divide.
The semiconductor market is expected to triple by 2026, with a production value of $300 billion by FY26.
Government schemes like the Modified Scheme for Semiconductor Fabs provide significant financial incentives.
India is emerging as a global hub for electronics and semiconductor manufacturing.
13 out of the Top 25 in UPSC CSE 2024 are repeaters, having featured in the final recommended lists in at least one of the previous four years (2020–2023)
UPSC‑CSE 2024 Repeaters – Quick Highlights
📊 283 candidates in the 2024 final list had already cracked CSE earlier (2020‑23) – that’s ≈28 % of this year’s merit list.
🔄 166 repeaters are fresh from the 2023 batch, showing the “upgrade‑service” trend.
📅 Smaller numbers returned from 2022 (116), 2021 (35) and 2020 (24) – most officers settle once training starts.
🏆 34 repeaters landed in the Top 100 ranks this year; experience clearly boosts scores.
🕒 82 % of repeaters had just one previous appearance; only 52 showed up for the 3rd/4th time.
📈 Median rank of repeaters is 455, but they’re spread right up to Rank 3 – perseverance can pay big.
💡 Take‑away: re‑attempts are common for IAS/IFS dreams or home‑cadre goals – newcomers compete with seasoned officers, so strategy + practice matter!
Credit Kalyan sir
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Healthy land is crucial for life, providing food, shelter, jobs, regulating climate, and supporting biodiversity.
Up to 40% of the world’s land is degraded, affecting 3.2 billion people.
Desertification and droughts are worsening, contributing to forced migration. By 2050, 216 million people will be displaced by climate change, with droughts increasing by 29% since 2000.
Desertification affects 3.2 billion people and leads to $11 trillion in losses. Immediate action is required to restore 1.5 billion hectares of land by 2030.
India’s electronics sector
✅India’s electronics sector reached USD 155 billion in FY23.
✅The electronics production nearly doubled from USD 48 billion in FY17 to USD 101 billion in FY23, driven primarily by mobile phones which constitute 43% of total electronics production.
✅This comprises USD 86 billion in finished goods production and USD 15 billion in components manufacturing.
✅The country’s electronics export is expected to reach $120 Bn by FY26.
✅During May 2024, electronic goods exports were recorded at $2.97 Bn as compared to $2.41 Bn during May 2023, registering a growth of 22.97%.
India’s solar power capacity increased 35 times over the past decade, rising from 2.82 GW in 2014 to 100 GW in 2025.
As of January 31, 2025, India’s total installed solar capacity stands at 100.33 GW, with 84.10 GW under implementation and 47.49 GW under tendering.
The rooftop solar sector saw remarkable growth, with 4.59 GW of new capacity installed in 2024, reflecting a 53% increase compared to 2023.
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh are among the top-performing states contributing significantly to utility-scale solar installations.
India’s solar manufacturing capacity surged from 2 GW in 2014 to 60 GW in 2024, positioning the country as a global leader in solar module production, with an ambitious target of 100 GW by 2030.
Agriculture Some Facts (Economic Survey 2024-25)
✅ Irrigation: The area under micro-irrigation schemes increased to approximately 8,000 hectares between 2015-2023.
✅ Organic Farming: Mobilization under the Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana and the Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North Eastern Region has increased.
✅ Fisheries and Livestock: The fisheries sector registered a CAGR of 13.67%, and the livestock sector grew at 12.99% between 2015-2023
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As of March 2024, India has 7.75 crore operational KCC accounts with a loan outstanding of Rs 9.81 lakh crore.
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Insurance Penetration in India
Insurance penetration in India showed a slight decline from 4% in FY23 to 3.7% in FY24, despite a 7.7% growth in total premiums, reaching Rs 11.2 lakh crore.
Life insurance penetration decreased from 3% in FY23 to 2.8% in FY24.
Non-life insurance penetration remained stable at 1%.
Overall insurance penetration in India is 3.7%, which is below the global average of 7%, presenting a significant gap and growth opportunity.
Rise in Self-Employment Signals Entrepreneurial Shift
The Economic Survey highlights a rise in self-employed workers from 52.2% (2017-18) to 58.4% (2023-24), reflecting increasing entrepreneurial activity and flexible work arrangements.
✅ Regular jobs declined from 22.8% to 21.7% in the same period.
✅ Agriculture remains dominant, though its share dropped from 44.1% to 46.1%.
✅ Casual employment fell from 24.9% to 19.8%, signaling a shift to structured self-employment.
✅ Labour reforms, simplified compliance, and deregulation are fostering a job-creation cycle, boosting economic inclusivity and flexibility
India ranks second largest globally in fish production and aquaculture.
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A report on Health Dynamics of India 2022-23 highlights an 80% shortage of specialist doctors in Community Health Centres (CHCs) in rural areas, with only 4,413 specialist doctors available, while 21,964 are needed
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India’s Urea Capacity and Production:
Capacity: India’s current urea production capacity stands at over 31.4 million tonnes (MT) as of 2023-24, up from 22 MT in 2011-12.
Reduction in Imports: Urea imports have declined to 7 MT in 2023-24 from a peak of 9.8 MT in 2020-21.
Major Plants: Key contributors include six newly commissioned plants, such as Hindustan Urvarak & Rasayan Ltd (HURL), Chambal Fertilisers, and Matix Fertilisers.