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■ METHANOL BLENDED DIESEL (MD15)
◇ Context: The government ceremonially inaugurated the demo run of an Inland Water Vessel powered by Methanol blended Diesel (MD15) (15% methanol blended HSD)
□ Benefits of blending gasoline with Methanol:
◇ Blending 15% methanol in gasoline can result in at least a 15% reduction in the import of gasoline/crude oil. In addition, this would bring down GHG emissions by 20% in terms of particulate matter, NOx, and SOx, thereby improving urban air quality. It will also create nearly 5 million new jobs in the Methanol economy.
□ About Methanol Economy:
◇ NITI Aayog’s ‘Methanol Economy’ programme (launched in 2018) is aimed at reducing India’s oil import bill, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and converting coal reserves and municipal solid waste into methanol.
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■ Nitrate radicals’ are likely making air pollution worse in China, India
◇ Context: A new study has found that parts of India and China are hotspots for the night-time production of nitrate radicals that can increase the amount of deadly ozone and PM2.5 particulate matter in the atmosphere.
□ About Nitrate Radicals:
◇ Nitrate radical is an oxide of nitrogen that consists of three oxygen atoms bound to a nitrogen atom.
◇ Nitrogen oxides are reactive gases that regulate the formation of air pollutants, including ozone and PM 2.5 particles.
◇ Nitrate radicals will oxidize gas pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which will then generate ozone and secondary organic aerosol.
◇ Ozone is an air pollutant that affects human health and crop yield.
◇ Secondary organic aerosol is an important component of PM2.5.
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■ MACROSOMIA
◇ The term used to describe these giant babies is macrosomia (Greek for the large body). Any baby that weighs more than 4kg, regardless of its gestational age, is said to have macrosomia.
□ Factors that cause Macrosomia:
◇ Body weight of the mother. Obese mothers tend to have kinds with Macrosomia.
◇ In mothers with gestational diabetes (high blood sugar that arises during pregnancy), this increases to between 15 per cent and 45 per cent of births.
◇ Being older when pregnant also increases the odds of having a baby with macrosomia.
◇ Previous pregnancies increase the risk of macrosomia because, with each successive pregnancy, birth weight increases.
◇ Overdue pregnancies – those that run past the typical 40 weeks – also increase the risk of a baby being macrosomic, particularly at 42 weeks or more.
◇ Having a boy increases the likelihood of macrosomia. Boys are three times more likely than girls to be born macrosomic.
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■ Yaya Tso
◇ Context: Yaya Tso, known as a birds’ paradise for its beautiful lake has been proposed as Ladakh’s first biodiversity heritage site (BHS).
◇ Yaya Tso is a nesting habitat for a large number of birds and animals, such as the bar-headed goose, black-necked crane, and brahminy duck, adding it also has the distinction of being one of the highest breeding sites of the black-necked crane in India.
□ About BHS:
◇ Biodiversity Heritage Sites are areas that are unique, ecologically fragile ecosystems having a rich biodiversity.
◇ Under Biological Diversity Act (BDA) 2002, the State Governments are empowered to notify BHS, in consultation with ‘local bodies’, of areas of biodiversity importance as Biodiversity Heritage Sites.
◇ There are 36 BHS in India, Mahendragiri hill (Odisha) is the last BHS added in 2022.
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■ SPACE DEBRIS
◇ Context: A total of 111 payloads and 105 space debris identified as ‘Indian objects’ orbiting the Earth to date have been tracked (as per the US Space Command (USSPACECOM))
□ What is space debris?
◇ Space debris is defunct human-made objects in space—principally in Earth orbit—which no longer serve a useful function.
◇ The real amount of space debris is said to be between 500,000 and one million pieces as current sensor technology cannot detect smaller objects.
◇ They orbit at high speed in Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
□ The threat of Kessler Syndrome?
◇ The Kessler Syndrome is a theoretical scenario in which Earth’s orbit is overpopulated with objects and debris, preventing the use of satellites in certain sections of Earth’s orbit.
□ Measures taken
◇ Global:
• Nasa’s Space Debris Sensor orbits the Earth on the International Space Station
• REMOVEdebris satellite
• Deorbit mission
■ PRADHAN MANTRI PVTG (Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups) DEVELOPMENT MISSION
◇ Context: This mission was proposed in Budget 2023-24 to improve the socio-economic conditions of the PVTGs.
◇ This will saturate PVTG families and habitations with basic facilities like safe housing, clean drinking water, improved access to education, health etc.
◇ The launch of the PM PVTG Development Mission is a step towards addressing the challenges faced by PVTGs and improving their standard of living.
□ Who are the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups
◇ PVTGs are a group of tribal community people in need of greater support and development. Out of the 705 Scheduled Tribes in India, 75 have been identified as PVTGs and are spread across 17 states and one Union Territory.
◇ Government of India follows the following criteria for the identification of PVTGs.
• Pre-agricultural level of technology
• Low level of literacy
• Economic backwardness
• A declining or stagnant population.
■ Kashmir’s Pashmina shawls
◇ Context: It is a fabric that is adored and respected all around the world as pashmina or cashmere.
◇ Background: The French empress Josephine, who was given a Kashmiri Kani shawl by her husband, Emperor Napoleon, in the 18th century, was instrumental in reviving a dying craft in Kashmir by popularizing it in Europe.
□ Pashmina:
◇ The term ‘Pashmina’ has been derived from the Persian word “Pashm” meaning wool.
◇ It is a GI-certified wool that has its origin in the Kashmir region of India.
◇ Due to the high quality of the wool used and the labour-intensive process required to make each individual piece, pashmina shawls are quite expensive.
◇ The Changthangi goats (Capra Hircus), domesticated in Ladakh, are the source of the wool used to weave Pashmina Shawls.
◇ The Changpa tribes of Ladakh who herd the Changthangi goats harvest the raw Pashm.
■ Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV)
◇ Context: India’s DRDO tested its own hypersonic technology demonstrator vehicle (HSTDV) powered by a scramjet engine.
◇ There is an ongoing race among China, Russia and the US to manufacture manoeuvrable hypersonic weapons that fly over five times the speed of sound and can negate missile defence systems
□ About DRDO:
◇ The Defence Research and Development Organisation (est. 1958) is the premier agency under the Department of Defence Research and Development in the Ministry of Defence, charged with the military’s research and development, headquartered in Delhi, India.
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■ Red-Headed Vultures and Black Vultures
◇ Context: For the first time since 2017, birders spotted a red-headed vulture (Sarcogyps calvus) in the Bhatti mines area of Delhi, the same week a “rarest of rare” black vulture (Coragyps atratus) was sighted in Gurugram’s Chandu Budhera
◇ Red-headed vulture (also called Asian King vulture or Pondicherry Vulture) was extensively found in India but its numbers drastically reduced after diclofenac poisoning.
◇ IUCN: Critically Endangered.
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■ PARIS CLUB
◇ Context: The Paris Club, an informal group of creditor nations, will provide financial assurances to the International Monetary Fund on Sri Lanka’s debt.
◇ The current economic crisis in Sri Lanka is a result of a combination of factors, including high levels of government debt, a large trade deficit, weak foreign exchange reserves, and declining economic growth.
□ What is the Paris Club?
◇ The Paris Club (est. 1956, HQ: Paris (France)) is a group of officials from major creditor countries whose role is to find coordinated and sustainable solutions to the payment difficulties experienced by debtor countries
◇ Objective: To find sustainable debt-relief solutions for countries that are unable to repay their bilateral loans.
◇ Members: 22 permanent members (all are a member of the OECD)
India and China are not members. India acts as an ad-hoc participant
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#Must watch C-SAT Trick video 🔥
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🔰 Course Plan :
299/- till UPSC Prelims (5000)
999/- for 12 Months (5000)
⚡️ Money back guarantee if failed in CSAT 2025.
For UPSC Students
No. of Tests Topic Wise
35 Polity Tests
45 History Tests
40 Geography Tests
20 Economy Tests
30 Ecology, SciTech Tests
App link to Enroll
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.asoft.reacad
No Registration after 8pm...ITS FINAL ALERT