UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
01 Mar 2022 10:59
EFFECTS OF INFLATION
Inflation has impact on all the economic units. It has favorable impact on some and unfavorable impact on others. The effects are discussed under three different heads as under:
* REDISTRIBUTION OF INCOME OF WEALTH
It redistributes income from one hand to another. It leads to loss to some group of people and gain to another group of people.
DEBTORS VS CREDITORS
In case of debtor and creditor, debtor is gainer and creditor is loser.
PRODUCERS VS CONSUMERS
In inflationary situation, the producers stand to gain and consumers stand to lose. The producer’s profit will increase as a result of inflation.
The purchasing power of money held by consumer declines. So, they have to pay more money to purchase the same amount of goods and services what they bought before inflation. Here, the income of consumer gets transferred from consumers to producers.
FLEXIBLE INCOME GROUP VS FIXED INCOME GROUP
The flexile income groups like sellers, self employed, and employees of private concerns whose salary is adjusted according to inflation do not get affected, but fixed income groups like daily wage earners lose as the purchasing power of their income diminishes.
DEBENTURES OR BOND HOLDERS AND SAVERS VS EQUITY HOLDERS
The Debentures or Bond holders and Savers receive fixed periodical income from their financial assets. The purchasing power of their asset remains intact only if interest rate is more than rate of inflation.
The security holder’s income depends on the profit of the company. In inflationary situation, the companies earn more profit. So, the equity holders also earn more income.
* EFFECTS ON PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
The inflation may lead to fall in the demand for goods and services. It may curtail the amount of production. Inflation also leads to reallocation of resources. Sometimes, only few goods may experience price rise. In that case, the investment from other sectors may shift to these sectors.
In packaged items, in order to maintain same price per package, the producers reduce the quantity or quality or both instead of raising price. It means, less production and consumption.
* OTHER EFFECTS
BALANCE OF PAYMENT (BOP)
High price reduces the amount of export and increases import from other countries where goods are available at cheaper rate. It results in unfavorable balance of payment.
EXCHANGE RATE
High import and low export means high demand for foreign currencies compared to domestic currency. This depreciates domestic currency.
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
Higher rate of inflation leads to social and political tension. The political parties and organized group of people call for strike, hartals and stage dharnas.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
01 Mar 2022 10:47
INFLATION
Inflation is a quantitative measure of the rate at which the average price level of a basket of selected goods and services in an economy increases over some period of time.
It is the rise in the general level of prices where a unit of currency effectively buys less than it did in prior periods. Often expressed as a percentage, inflation thus indicates a decrease in the purchasing power of a nation’s currency.
Inflation can be contrasted with deflation, which occurs when prices instead decline.
# Understanding Inflation
As prices rise, a single unit of currency loses value as it buys fewer goods and services. This loss of purchasing power impacts the general cost of living for the common public which ultimately leads to a deceleration in economic growth. The consensus view among economists is that sustained inflation occurs when a nation’s money supply growth outpaces economic growth.
# TYPES OF INFLATION
Inflation can be classified on the basis of rate of rise in prices and on the basis of causes.
* DIFFERENT INFLATION BASED ON RATE OF RISE IN PRICES
CREEPING INFLATION
Price rise at very slow rate (less than 3%) like that of a snail or creeper is called Creeping inflation. It is regarded safe and essential for economic growth.
WALKING OR TROTTING INFLATION
Price rise moderately at the rate of 3 to 7% (or) less than 10% is called Walking or trotting inflation. It is a warning signal to the government to be prepared to control inflation. If the inflation crosses this range, it will have serious implication on the economy and individuals.
RUNNING INFLATION
Running inflation means price rise rapidly like the running of a horse at a rate of 10-20%. It affects the economy adversely.
HYPERINFLATION (OR) RUNWAY (OR) GALLOPING INFLATION
The price rise at very fast at double or triple digit rate from 20 to 100% or more is called Hyperinflation (or) Runaway (or) galloping inflation. Such a situation brings total collapse of the monetary system because of the continuous fall in the purchasing power of money.
*DIFFERENT INFLATION BASED ON CAUSES
DEMAND PULL INFLATION
Demand pull inflation arises due to higher demand for goods and services over the available supply.
Higher demand for goods and services arises due to increase in income of the people, increase in money supply and change in the taste and preference of people etc.
In other words, demand pull inflation takes place when increase in production lags behind the increase in money supply.
COST PUSH INFLATION
Price rise due to increased input costs like raw material, wages, profit margin etc., is called Cost push inflation.
Both demand pull inflation and cost push inflation are affected by forces of demand and supply.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
01 Mar 2022 10:32
Counting the costs: On ceasefire talks and sanctions on Russia - The Hindu
https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/counting-the-costs/article65094903.ece
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
08 Feb 2022 12:47
Vaccines
A vaccine is a biological preparation that develops acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease.
Acquired immunity is immunity one develops over a lifetime. It can come from a vaccine, exposure to an infection or disease, or another person’s antibodies (infection-fighting immune cells). When pathogens (germs) are introduced into the body from a vaccine or a disease, the body’s immune system learns to target those germs in the future by making new antibodies.
# Types of vaccines
Vaccines are made up of viruses or bacteria that are altered or weakened so that they only cause an imitation of the disease and not the disease.
There are a variety of different ways to alter or weaken the viruses or bacteria so that vaccination develops immunity instead of serious disease.
# Following are the different types of vaccines based on how they are made:
Live attenuated vaccines have weakened form of the living viruses in them. They are the closest to natural infections hence they quite effective, but everyone cannot get them because people with weakened immune systems like those undergoing chemotherapy, may have adverse reactions. Examples include MMR, chickenpox, and the flu vaccine nasal spray is also known as FluMist.
Toxoid vaccines prevent diseases caused by bacteria that produce toxins (poisons) in the body. These have weakened forms of toxins called toxoids in them. For example, DTaP and Tdap vaccines contain diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, in addition to protection against pertussis.
Inactivated vaccines have viruses in inactivated (killed) form. These vaccines produce immune responses, but cannot cause the disease itself. Examples include hepatitis A, influenza (shot only), polio (shot only), and rabies.
Subunit vaccines use only a part of the virus or bacteria instead of the full organism. They contain only the essential antigens from the causative agent, hence they cannot cause illness. An example is pertussis (whooping cough) component of the DTaP vaccine.
Conjugate vaccines use part of the coating of bacteria called polysaccharides. It is a type of subunit vaccine which combines a weak antigen with a strong antigen as a carrier so that the immune system has a stronger response to the weak antigen. Examples include hepatitis B, HPV, shingles, pneumococcal (PCV13), and meningococcal (MenACY).
# Types of CoVID-19 Vaccines:
There are four main types of CoVID 19 vaccinations-
Whole virus vaccine:
These have the live attenuated and inactivated vaccines types.
These require only conventional storage conditions.
India’s COVAXIN is an inactivated type.
Protein sub-unit vaccine:
The viral subunit is mixed with adjuvants to help stimulate an immune response.
They are expensive to produce and may require booster doses.
NOVAVAX is of such category.
mRNA (nucleic acid) vaccine:
The RNA code of the SARS CoV-2 virus is inserted into the host cell whose protein machinery interprets it to produce viral antigens.
The host body then produces antibodies in response and develops immunity against the SARS CoV-2.
These are easy to make and cheaper to produce, but this has never been used by humans before.
They require extreme cold storage of -70 degrees Celsius.
Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are such types.
Viral vector vaccine:
They also work by giving cells genetic instructions to produce antigens.
But they differ from nucleic acid vaccines because they use harmless viral vectors like adenovirus to deliver these instructions.
Our cellular machinery is hijacked by them to produce antigens which then trigger the immune response.
They require only conventional cold storage.
COVISHIELD and Russia’s Sputnik belong to this category.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
08 Feb 2022 12:40
Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics is the premier competition for sports that are played on ice or snow.
It is held every four years and features participants from across the world.
Ice skating, ice hockey, skiing and figure skating are some of the popular sports that are played at the Winter Games.
The first Winter Olympics were held in 1924 in Chamonix, France.
Winter sports were initially played at the Summer Olympics, with the 1908 London Olympics hosting four figure skating events and Antwerp 1920 having figure skating as well as ice hockey.
However, in 1924, a separate event was created for winter sports, called the International Winter Sports Week.
It was held in Chamonix, France – the host country for the 1924 Summer Olympics.
Two years later, the International Winter Sports Week in Chamonix was officially recognised as the first Winter Olympic Games.
This years’ edition of the Winter Olympic Games will be held in Beijing, China from 4th February to 20th February 2022.
India has been participating in the Winter Olympics since 1964.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
07 Feb 2022 09:17
The Black Sea, also known as the Euxine Sea, is located between Eastern Europe and Western Asia.
The Turkish straits system - the Dardanelles, Bosporus and Marmara Sea - forms a transitional zone between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
The Black Sea is also connected to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch.
The bordering countries of Black Sea are: Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
07 Feb 2022 09:08
Ukraine is bordered by Belarus to the north, Russia to the east, the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea to the south, Moldova and Romania to the southwest, and Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland to the west. In the far southeast, Ukraine is separated from Russia by the Kerch Strait, which connects the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
07 Feb 2022 09:02
Goods and Services Tax (GST)
* The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a value-added tax levied on most goods and services sold for domestic consumption.
* The GST is paid by consumers, but it is remitted to the government by the businesses selling the goods and services.
* GST is applicable on ‘supply’ of goods or services as against the old concept on the manufacture of goods or on sale of goods or on provision of services.
* GST is based on the principle of destination-based consumption taxation.
* It is a dual GST with the Centre and the States simultaneously levying tax on a common base. GST to be levied by the Centre is called Central GST (CGST) and that to be levied by the States is called State GST (SGST).
* Import of goods or services would be treated as inter-state supplies and would be subject to Integrated Goods & Services Tax (IGST) in addition to the applicable customs duties.
* CGST, SGST & IGST are levied at rates to be mutually agreed upon by the Centre and the States. The rates are notified on the recommendation of the GST Council.
# The Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act
* An Act to provide for compensation to the States for the loss of revenue arising on account of implementation of the goods and services tax in pursuance of the provisions of the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016.
#GST Council
* It is a constitutional body under Article 279A.
* It makes recommendations to the Union and State Government on issues related to Goods and Service Tax and was introduced by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016.
* The GST Council is chaired by the Union Finance Minister and other members are the Union State Minister of Revenue or Finance and Ministers in-charge of Finance or Taxation of all the States.
* It is considered as a federal body where both the centre and the states get due representation.
# Every decision of the Goods and Services Tax Council shall be taken at a meeting by a majority of not less than three-fourths of the weighted votes of the members present and voting, in accordance with the following principles, namely:
* The vote of the Central Government shall have a weightage of one third of the total votes cast, and
* The votes of all the State Governments taken together shall have a weightage of two-thirds of the total votes cast in that meeting.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
07 Feb 2022 08:55
Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission
It aims to provide digital health IDs for all Indian citizens to help hospitals, insurance firms, and citizens access health records electronically when required.
The pilot project of the Mission had been announced by the Prime Minister from the ramparts of the Red Fort on 15th August 2020.
# Features of the Mission:
Health ID:
It will be issued for every citizen that will also work as their health account. This health account will contain details of every test, every disease, the doctors visited, the medicines taken and the diagnosis.
Health ID is free of cost, voluntary. It will help in doing analysis of health data and lead to better planning, budgeting and implementation for health programs.
Healthcare Facilities & Professionals’ Registry:
The other major component of the programme is creating a Healthcare Professionals’ Registry (HPR) and Healthcare Facilities Registry (HFR), allowing easy electronic access to medical professionals and health infrastructure.
The HPR will be a comprehensive repository of all healthcare professionals involved in delivering healthcare services across both modern and traditional systems of medicine.
The HFR database will have records of all the country’s health facilities.
Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission Sandbox:
The Sandbox, created as a part of the mission, will act as a framework for technology and product testing that will help organisations, including private players intending to be a part of the national digital health ecosystem become a Health Information Provider or Health Information User or efficiently link with building blocks of Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission.
# Implementing Agency:
National Health Authority (NHA) under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
01 Mar 2022 10:52
# FACTORS AFFECTING DEMAND
Increase in Money Supply
Increase in money supply leads to price rise. More money available with people induces people to purchase more goods and services. It means there is an increase in demand. So, prices move upward.
Increase in Disposable Income
The increase in the disposable income leads to higher spending on the part of households. It hikes the level of price.
Cheap Monetary Policy
Cheap monetary policy means loan availability at very low interest rate and at easy terms. It leads to more investment by investors with loaned money. It pushes up the demand for capital goods and rise in price of the same.
Increase in Public Expenditure
Increase in government expenditure over its income, leads to deficit budget. Increase in government spending increases the demand for consumption and capital goods and services. It increases the price of both goods and services.
Repayment of Public Debt
The repayment of public debt borrowed by government to public leaves people with more money. It induces people to spend more. It ultimately leads to increase in price of goods and services.
# FACTORS AFFECTING SUPPLY
Shortage of Factors of production
The shortage in the factors of production viz., land, labour, and capital increases the cost of production. For example, shortage in the labour leads to higher wages. It increases the cost of production and price of goods and services.
Industrial Disputes
Industrial disputes lead to strike or lay off. It affects the production and supply of goods. It results in increased prices.
Natural Calamities
Natural calamities like earth quake, land slide and tsunami, affect production and supply of goods and services. The end result is price rise.
Artificial Scarcities
Artificial scarcities created by activities like hoarding and speculative trading in commodities in the commodities future market, results in price hike.
Increase in Exports
Increase in export of a particular commodity leads to shortage of goods in the domestic market. It pushes up prices.
International Factors
International factors like oil price hike, shortage in production of certain commodities leads to higher import prices.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
01 Mar 2022 10:35
Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT)
Recently, in a move to counter Russia’s war over Ukraine, the US and the European Commission issued a joint statement to exclude some Russian banks from the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) messaging system.
SWIFT provides the trusted messaging platform that enables financial institutions to exchange information about global monetary transactions such as money transfers.
While SWIFT does not actually move money, it operates as a middleman to verify information of transactions by providing secure financial messaging services to more than 11,000 banks in over 200 countries.
Most of the world trade takes place with financial messaging passing through SWIFT.
It was established in 1973 and is based in Belgium.
It is overseen by the central banks from eleven industrial countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, besides Belgium.
India’s financial system has access to the SWIFT.
Prior to SWIFT, the only reliable means of message confirmation for international funds transfer was Telex.
It was discontinued due to a range of issues such as low speed, security concerns, and a free message format.
# Other Global Alternatives to SWIFT
There are financial technology companies like Ripple, which has been offering its platform based on interledger protocol (the same technology behind cryptocurrencies) as an alternative.
Cryptocurrencies are another avenue for cross border remittances. Russia has also been working on a 'digital' rouble, which is still not launched.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
08 Feb 2022 13:03
Crowding Out Effect
This refers to a phenomenon where increased borrowing by the government to meet its spending needs causes a decrease in the quantity of funds that is available to meet the investment needs of the private sector.
In other words, when the government is increasing its expenditure, private expenditure comes down.
• Sometimes, government adopts an expansionary fiscal policy stance and increases its spending to boost the economic activity. This leads to an increase in interest rates. Increased interest rates affect private investment decisions. A high magnitude of the crowding out effect may even lead to lesser income in the economy.
With higher interest rates, the cost for funds to be invested increases and affects their accessibility to debt financing mechanisms. This leads to lesser investment ultimately and crowds out the impact of the initial rise in the total investment spending.
Usually the initial increase in government spending is funded using higher taxes or borrowing on part of the government.
• Some believe that government spending does not always lead to a crowding out of private investment in the economy. They instead argue that government demand for funds can compensate for the lack of private demand for funds during economic depressions, thus helping to prop up aggregate demand.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
08 Feb 2022 13:00
Marine Heatwaves
Marine heatwaves are periods of extremely high temperatures in the ocean.
These events are linked to coral bleaching, seagrass destruction, and loss of kelp forests, affecting the fisheries sector adversely.
An underwater survey showed that 85% of the corals in the Gulf of Mannar near the Tamil Nadu coast got bleached after the marine heatwave in May 2020.
The Western Indian Ocean region experienced the largest increase in marine heatwaves at a rate of about 1.5 events per decade, followed by the north Bay of Bengal at a rate of 0.5 events per decade.
From 1982 to 2018, the Western Indian Ocean had a total of 66 events, while the Bay of Bengal had 94 events, the study notes.
The marine heatwaves in the Western Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal increased drying conditions over the central Indian subcontinent. Correspondingly, there is a significant increase in the rainfall over south peninsular India in response to the heatwaves in the north Bay of Bengal. “These changes are in response to the modulation of the monsoon winds by the heatwaves.
# Typically, heatwaves on land are associated with the north and northwest of India and over coastal Andhra Pradesh, north Odisha and parts of West Bengal.
Heatwaves killed 1,422 in Andhra Pradesh and 541 in Telangana in 2015 or about 90% of the national heat wave mortality of that year.
There’s been an increase in the number of affected regions in recent years, with more parts of the Himalayan plains, regions north of Andhra Pradesh and Central India also registering more heatwaves.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
08 Feb 2022 12:58
Operation AAHT
As part of this operation, special teams will be deployed on all long-distance trains/routes with focus on rescuing victims, particularly women and children, from the clutches of traffickers.
The RPF will act as a bridge cutting across States to assist the local police in the mission to curb the menace.
The infrastructure and intelligence network of the force could be utilized to collect, collate and analyse clues on victims, source, route, destination, popular trains used by suspects, identity of carriers/agents, kingpins etc and shared with other law-enforcing agencies.
# Need of Operation AAHT
The Railways, which operate about 21,000 trains across the country daily, is the most reliable mode of transportation for the traffickers who often move their victims on long-distance trains.
Thousands of Indians and persons from neighboring countries are trafficked every day to some destinations where they were forced to live like slaves.
They are also being trafficked for illegal adoptions, organ transplants, working in circus, begging and entertainment industry.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
08 Feb 2022 12:56
Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)
The Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY), launched in 2017, provides ₹5,000 for the birth of the first child to partially compensate a woman for loss of wages.
It also aims to improve the nutritional well-being of the mother and the child.
The amount is given in three instalments upon meeting certain conditions.
It is combined with another scheme, Janani Suraksha Yojana, under which nearly ₹1,000 is given for an institutional birth, so that a woman gets a total of ₹6,000.
Under the revamped PMMVY under Mission Shakti, the maternity benefit amounting to ₹6000 is also to be provided for the second child, but only if the second is a girl child, to discourage pre-birth sex selection and promote the girl child,”
One of the objectives of the scheme is to also improve health seeking behaviour of women and, therefore, the first instalment of ₹1,000 is given after ascertaining early registration of pregnancy and the second instalment of ₹2,000 is given after an ante-natal check after six months of pregnancy and the final instalment of ₹2,000 is given after the registration of the child birth and vaccinations for the newborn.
The scheme is clubbed with several other programmes under the Samarthya scheme.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
08 Feb 2022 12:54
Production-Linked incentive (PLI) Scheme:
It aims to give companies incentives on incremental sales from products manufactured in domestic units.
It invites foreign companies to set units in India, however, it also aims to encourage local companies to set up or expand existing manufacturing units.
# Pharmaceutical Sector:
The Rs. 6,940-crore PLI scheme implemented in 2020 focuses on the critical bulk drugs, whereas this scheme is likely to focus on other types of bulk drugs.
It intends to give incentives between 2020-21 and 2028-29 (9 years).
Drug manufacturers applying for the scheme will have to be registered in India and will be placed into one of three categories based on their Global Manufacturing Revenue (GMR).
# Categories of Drugs Targeted by the Scheme:
First Category:
It includes biopharmaceuticals, complex generics, patented and orphan drugs, often expensive for which India relies a lot on multinational drug makers.
Second Category:
It comprises Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), Key Starting Materials (KSMs) and Drug Intermediates (DIs).
Third Category:
It includes other critical repurposed, auto-immune, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-retroviral, anti-infective and cardiovascular drugs as well as in-vitro diagnostic devices and drugs not manufactured in India.
# Incentives:
For First and Second Category:
10% of incremental sales value for the first four year of the scheme, followed by 8% for the fifth year and 6% for the sixth year of production under the scheme.
For Third Category:
5% of incremental sales value for the first four years, 4% for the fifth year and 3% for the sixth year.
# Benefits of PLI in Pharmaceuticals:
Reduced Dependency on China:
India’s capabilities in APIs have reduced over the years, mostly due to cheaper alternatives from China.
The pharmaceutical industry here is currently dependent on the bordering country for nearly 70% of the bulk drugs it imports.
Enhance Exports:
The Indian pharmaceutical industry is the third-largest globally in terms of the volume term of production and is worth USD 40 billion in value.
The country contributes 3.5% of total drugs and medicines exported globally.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
07 Feb 2022 09:23
The Black Sea a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, is located between Eastern Europe and Western Asia
Excluding its northern arm, the Sea of Azov, the Black Sea occupies about 168,500 square miles (436,400 square kilometers).
The Black Sea, into which flow the Danube, Dnieper, Dniester, and Don Rivers, is connected to the Aegean Sea and eventually the Mediterranean Sea by the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
07 Feb 2022 09:12
The Sea of Azov is a shallow body of water that Ukraine shares with Russia.
Its only access to the open seas is through the Kerch Strait, which connects it to the Black Sea.
After Crimea’s annexation in 2014, Russia gained control over both sides of the Kerch strait.
The two large rivers that drain into the Sea of Azov are the Don and Kuban rivers. Several smaller rivers also flow into the sea including the Berda, Mius, Yeya, Beysug, Molochna, Kalmius, Atmanai rivers. The deposits and inflow from these rivers are responsible for the low salinity of the Sea of the Azov.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
07 Feb 2022 08:49
National Health Authority
The National Health Authority or the NHA is responsible for implementing India’s flagship public health insurance/assurance scheme Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY).
NHA has been set-up to implement the PM-JAY at the national level.
In the States, SHAs or State Health Agencies in the form of a society/trust have been set up with full operational autonomy over the implementation of this scheme including extending the coverage to non SECC beneficiaries.
# Functions of NHA
From 2018-2019, the organization was under the control of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
After 2019, the organization became independent and answerable to its own board of experts and policy makers.
The organization's primary activity is to manage the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY),which is a national health insurance program in India.
Other goals include improving access to health information and data for the public sector and supporting the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority.
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