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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

Q1. Consider the following rivers:
1.  Indus
2.  Ganga
3.  Brahmaputra
4.  Mekong

How many of the above given rivers originate from the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region?

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

EU CARBON BORDER ADJUSTMENT MECHANISM (CBAM)

Syllabus: ENVIRONMENT

Context: British wind and solar farms exporting power to continental Europe could face CO2 fees from 2026 - even though they don't produce any emissions - unless the UK and European Union can agree changes around the EU's carbon border tax.

Learning Points:

* The EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is designed to ensure a fair price on carbon emissions produced during the manufacturing of carbon-intensive goods entering the EU.

* It aims to encourage cleaner industrial production in non-EU countries.

EU’s Climate Goals:

*  The EU has committed to reducing its carbon emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels.

* The Carbon Border Tax is part of this effort, targeting import-related emissions which account for 20% of CO2 emissions.

Implementation:

* The transitional phase of CBAM began in October 2023, with a full implementation expected from January 1, 2026.

Impact on Trade:

* There are concerns about increased costs for non-EU exports, including India’s metal exports to EU countries.

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

E-COLI CONTAMINATION

Syllabus: ENVIRONMENT

Context: Over 300 residents of a 15-tower residential building at Kochi, reported vomiting and diarrhoea in a suspected case of E-coli contamination in drinking water.

Learning Points:

E-coli, or Escherichia coli, is a type of bacteria that normally lives in the intestines of people and animals.

* While most strains are harmless, some can cause serious food poisoning and infection.

* The most familiar strains of E. coli that make one sick by producing a toxin called Shiga.

*  E-coli can lead to diarrhea, urinary tract infections, respiratory illness, pneumonia, and other illnesses.

* It’s often spread through contaminated food or water, or through contact with animals or persons.

*  Treatment for E-coli infection typically focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing dehydration, as most cases resolve on their own without the need for antibiotics.

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

Q2. With reference to the Election Commission of India (ECI), consider the following statements:

1.  The Election Commission of India (ECI) is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering Union and State election processes in India. 

2.  The President of India appoints the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners.

3.  The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed through a process similar to that of a Supreme Court judge.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA (ECI)

Syllabus: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

Context: The Election Commission of India (ECI) has recently released the absolute number of votes cast during the first five phases of the Lok Sabha elections.

Learning Points:

* The Election Commission of India (ECI) is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering Union and State election processes in India.

*   It plays a crucial role in ensuring transparent and fair elections.

Constitutional Provisions:

* The ECI is established under Article 324 of the Indian Constitution, which deals with elections.

* Articles 324 to 329 outline the powers, functions, tenure, eligibility, and other aspects related to the commission and its members.

* These provisions ensure that the ECI has the authority to supervise, direct, and control elections at various levels.

Structure:

* Originally, the ECI had only one Election Commissioner, but after the Election Commissioner Amendment Act 1989, it became a multi-member body.

* The ECI now consists of:

  Chief Election Commissioner (CEC): The head of the commission.

  Two Election Commissioners: Together, they oversee election-related matters.

* The secretariat of the commission is located in New Delhi.

* At the state level, the Chief Electoral Officer (an IAS rank Officer) assists the state election commission.

Appointment and Tenure:

* The President of India appoints the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners.

* They serve a fixed tenure of six years or until the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.

* Their status, salary, and perks are equivalent to those of Judges of the Supreme Court of India.

Removal Procedure:

* The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed through a process similar to that of a Supreme Court judge.

* Removal requires a special majority (two-thirds of members present and voting) supported by more than 50% of the total strength of the house.

* The Constitution does not use the term “impeachment” for the removal of judges, CAG, or CEC.

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

Q2. Consider the following statements about One China Policy:

1.  The One China Policy underscores recognition of China’s sovereignty over Taiwan.

2.  Any country that wants to establish political and diplomatic relations with China must adhere to this principle and not recognize Taiwan as an independent country.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

CHINA -TAIWAN CONFLICT

Syllabus: INTERNATIONAL EVENTS

Context: Recently China encircled Taiwan with naval vessels and military aircraft in war games.

Learning Points:

* The China-Taiwan Conflict is a complex geopolitical issue with historical roots.

Background:

* Taiwan came under Chinese control during the Qing dynasty but was given to Japan after China lost the first Sino-Japanese war in 1895.

* China regained control of Taiwan in 1945 after Japan lost World War II, but the civil war between the nationalists and communists led to the nationalists fleeing to Taiwan in 1949.

* As of now, only 15 countries officially recognize Taiwan as a sovereign country due to China’s diplomatic pressure.
•  These include Vatican City, Belize, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Nauru, Tuvalu, Marshall Islands, Palau, Solomon Islands, Swaziland, and Eswatini.

One China Policy:

* The One China Policy underscores recognition of China’s sovereignty over Taiwan.

*  It has been held by the US since 1979. Under this policy, the US snapped formal diplomatic ties with Taiwan (Republic of China) and established ties with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing.

* Any country that wants to establish political and diplomatic relations with China must adhere to this principle and not recognize Taiwan as an independent country.

Strategic Significance of Taiwan:

* Taiwan is situated in a strategically important location in the western Pacific Ocean, adjacent to China, Japan, and the Philippines.

* Its economic interests, investments in China, and pro-independence sentiments make the situation volatile.

* Monitoring the China-Taiwan relationship closely is crucial for regional stability.

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

CHAR DHAM TEMPLES

Syllabus: ART AND CULTURE

Context: With an unprecedented number of pilgrims visiting the Char Dham temples in Uttarakhand, the govt. banned offline registration till May 31.

Learning Points:

* The Char Dham in Uttarakhand, also known as the Chota Char Dham, is a sacred pilgrimage circuit consisting of four temples:

  Yamunotri: Dedicated to Goddess Yamuna, it is located in the Uttarkashi district near the source of the River Yamuna.

  Gangotri: Also in Uttarkashi, this temple honours Goddess Ganga, situated near the source of the River Ganga.

  Kedarnath: Located in the Rudraprayag district, this temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva.

  Badrinath: Situated in the Chamoli district, the Badrinarayan Temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu.

*  These temples are part of the larger Char Dham pilgrimage sites but are specifically located in the state of Uttarakhand.

The Char Dham pilgrimage circuit holds immense spiritual significance in Hinduism.

* The pilgrimage usually begins from Yamunotri and proceeds in a clockwise direction to Gangotri, Kedarnath, and ends at Badrinath.

* The journey to these temples is considered highly spiritual and is undertaken by thousands of devotees each year to seek blessings and purification.

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

Q2. With reference to the Model Code of Conduct (MCC), consider the following statements:

1.  The Model Code of Conduct is a set of guidelines published by the union government of India for political parties and candidates.

2.  The MCC is in effect from the announcement of the election schedule until the result declaration.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

MODEL CODE OF CONDUCT (MCC)

Syllabus: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

Context: Governor Arif Mohammed Khan returns ordinances on delimitation of local bodies, citing model code of conduct.

Learning Points:

* The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is a set of guidelines published by the Election Commission of India (ECI) for political parties and candidates.

* It establishes standards of conduct during election campaigns and polling.

Purpose and Scope:

* The MCC serves as a consensus document. Political parties voluntarily agree to adhere to its principles during elections.

*   It empowers the ECI to supervise and conduct free and fair elections, as mandated by Article 324 of the Constitution.

* The MCC is in effect from the announcement of the election schedule until the result declaration.

Restrictions and Prohibitions:

* Financial Grants: The government cannot announce any financial grants during the MCC period.

* Infrastructure Promises: Promising construction of roads or other facilities is prohibited.

* Ad Hoc Appointments: No ad hoc appointments in government or public undertakings are allowed.

Enforcement and Strength:

* While the MCC lacks statutory backing, its strict enforcement by the EC has made it influential over the past decade.

* Some provisions of the MCC can be enforced by invoking corresponding provisions in other statutes, such as the Indian Penal Code (IPC) 1860, Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) 1973, and Representation of People’s Act (RPA) 1951.

* Violations of the MCC can result in actions such as warnings, reprimands, or even disqualification of candidates.

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

Q2. Consider the following pathogens and the diseases:

1.  Variola major -   Smallpox

2.  Rhinoviruses - Common cold

3.  Naegleria fowleri - Amoebic meningoencephalitis

4.   Plasmodium – Malaria

How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

AMOEBIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS

Syllabus: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Context: Recently a five-year-old girl from Malappuram in Kerala tragically died from amoebic meningoencephalitis after swimming in a local river.

Learning Points:

* Amoebic meningoencephalitis, also known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), is a rare and deadly brain infection caused by the amoeba Naegleria fowleri.

Cause and Transmission:

* Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba found in warm freshwater and soil worldwide.

* People usually get infected when the amoeba enters their body through the nose, often during swimming or water-related activities.

* Drinking contaminated water does not lead to infection.

Symptoms:

* Initially, symptoms include headache, fever, nausea, and vomiting.

* As the infection progresses, patients may experience a stiff neck, confusion, seizures, hallucinations, and eventually slip into a coma.

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

Q2. Consider the following countries:

1.  Azerbaijan
2.  Armenia
3.  Syria
4.  Israel
5.  Iraq
6.  Turkey

How many of the above-mentioned countries share border with Iran?

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

DIGI YATRA

Syllabus: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Context: The CEO of Digi Yatra Foundation, has indicated that the vision is to enhance seamless movement across India by including hotels, rail travel, and public places in the Digi Yatra system.

Learning Points:

* Digi Yatra Initiative is a project by the Ministry of Civil Aviation to create a Biometric Enabled Seamless Travel experience (BEST) using Facial Recognition Technology (FRT) for passengers at airports.

*  The primary goal is to streamline the boarding process and enhance the airport experience by eliminating manual verification of tickets and IDs at various checkpoints.

* It provides a decentralized mobile wallet-based identity management platform which is cost effective and addresses privacy/data protection issues in implementation of Digi Yatra.

* Digi Yatra aligns with the Digital India vision to transform India into a digitally empowered society.

Digi Yatra Foundation:

* It has been set up as a joint venture (JV) company in 2019 under Section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013.

* The Foundation was formed, with the objective of creating the Digi Yatra Central Ecosystem (DYCE).

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

HINDU KUSH HIMALAYA (HKH)

Syllabus: GEOGRAPHY

Context: A recent report by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) analysed data on snow persistence from 2003 to 2024 and found it to be significantly lower than normal in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) this year. Snow persistence is the fraction of the time that snow remains on the ground.

Learning Points:

*  The Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region, often referred to as the Third Pole due to its extensive snow and ice cover.

* It spans across eight countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan.

* It stretches over 3,500 kilometers.

* The HKH range is known for its rugged terrain and towering peaks, including several of the world’s highest mountains, such as Mount Everest and K2.

* The region covers approximately 4.2 million square kilometers, providing a diverse range of ecosystems from subtropical forests at lower elevations to alpine meadows and permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations.

*  It is the source of ten large Asian river systems – the Amu Darya, Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra (Yarlungtsanpo), Irrawaddy, Salween (Nu), Mekong (Lancang), Yangtse (Jinsha), Yellow River (Huanghe), and Tarim (Dayan).

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

Q1. With reference to the cyclone, consider the following statements:

1.  Cyclones are rapid inward air circulation around a low-pressure area.

2.   The air circulates in an anticlockwise direction in the Northern hemisphere.

3.  Cyclones are usually accompanied by violent storms and bad weather.

4.  Tropical cyclones typically form over warm ocean water near the equator.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

CYCLONE

Syllabus: GEOGRAPHY

Context: Cyclone Remal recently made landfall, affecting coastal areas in West Bengal, India, and Bangladesh.

Learning Points:

* Cyclones are rapid inward air circulation around a low-pressure area.

* The air circulates in an anticlockwise direction in the Northern hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern hemisphere.

* Cyclones are usually accompanied by violent storms and bad weather.

* The process of cyclone formation and intensification is called Cyclogenesis.

* Tropical cyclones typically form over warm ocean water near the equator.

Types of Cyclones:

* Tropical Cyclone: Forms over warm ocean water near the equator.

* Extratropical Cyclone: Develops outside the tropics, often associated with frontal systems.

* Tornadoes: Intense localized cyclonic winds with a funnel-shaped cloud.

* Cyclones are not limited to Earth; they’re also observed on other planets like Mars, Jupiter, and Neptune.

Naming and Locations:

* Cyclones are addressed differently based on their location:

  Hurricanes: In the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific.

  Typhoons: In Southeast Asia.

  Cyclones: In the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific (around Australia).

* An international committee of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) maintains and updates lists of cyclone names.

* Originally, only women’s names were used, but since 1979, men’s names have been included alternately.

* Six lists are used in rotation, with each list reused after six years.

* Names are not repeated if a storm caused significant damage in a country.

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

WEST BANK

Syllabus: GEOGRAPHY- WORLD MAP

Context: Israeli forces carried out raids in the West Bank city of Jenin for two consecutive days. At least 12 Palestinians were killed during the operation.

Learning Points:

* The West Bank is a landlocked territory in the Levant region of West Asia.

* It is the larger of the two Palestinian territories, the other being the Gaza Strip.

Geography:

* Bordered by Jordan and the Dead Sea to the east.

*  Bordered by Israel (via the Green Line) to the south, west, and north.

* The Mediterranean Sea lies to the west.

* The territory has been under Israeli occupation since 1967.

History:

* Emerged after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War as a region occupied and subsequently annexed by Jordan.

* Occupied by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War.

* Administered by Israel as the Judea and Samaria Area.

* Mid-1990s Oslo Accords divided the West Bank into three regional levels of Palestinian sovereignty: Area A (PNA), Area B (PNA and Israel), and Area C (Israel).

Significance:

*  Palestinians consider it the heart of their envisioned state, along with the Gaza Strip.

*  Israelis view it as their ancestral homeland, with numerous biblical sites.

* Area C contains Israeli settlements, which the international community considers illegal under international law.

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

Q3. With reference to the Consumer Price Index (CPI), consider the following statements:

1.  The Consumer Price Index measures the average change in prices of a basket of goods and services consumed by households.

2.  The Reserve Bank of India adopted the CPI as its primary measure of inflation.

3.  The base year for CPI calculations is 2012.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

Q1. With reference to the Ordinance making power of the President, consider the following statements:

1.  Article 213 of the constitution empowers the President to promulgate ordinances.

2.  The President can issue an ordinance only when either both or one of the Houses of Parliament is not in session.

3.  An ordinance promulgated by the President has a maximum validity of six months and six weeks from the date of its promulgation.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

CONSUMER PRICE INDEX (CPI)

Syllabus: ECONOMY

Context: The Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU) has raised concerns about the delay in releasing the All-India Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (AICPI-IW).

Learning Points:

* The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a crucial economic indicator that measures the average change in prices of a basket of goods and services consumed by households.

* It provides insights into inflation trends and helps policymakers make informed decisions.

Purpose and Calculation:

* The CPI reflects price changes from the perspective of retail buyers. It tracks the cost of essential items that consumers purchase for daily use.

* The calculation involves comparing the current prices of a fixed basket of goods and services with their prices in a base year. The percentage change indicates inflation or deflation.

Sub-Groups:

* The CPI includes various sub-groups representing different categories of goods and services.

* These sub-groups help analyze specific sectors of the economy. Some common sub-groups are:

Food and Beverages: Includes food items, beverages, and dining out expenses.

Fuel and Light: Covers energy costs such as fuel, electricity, and gas.

Housing: Includes rent, utilities, and home-related expenses.

Clothing, Bedding, and Footwear: Tracks prices of clothing and footwear.

Types of CPI:

* CPI for Industrial Workers (IW): Focuses on urban industrial workers and their consumption patterns.

* CPI for Agricultural Labourer (AL): Specifically considers rural agricultural labourers.

* CPI for Rural Labourer (RL): Reflects the cost of living for rural labourers.

* CPI (Rural/Urban/Combined): The overall CPI, combining both rural and urban data.

Data Sources and Compilation:

* The first three CPI types are compiled by the Labour Bureau under the Ministry of Labour and Employment.

* The fourth type (CPI Rural/Urban/Combined) is compiled by the National Statistical Office (NSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.

* The base year for CPI calculations is 2012.

* Recently, the Ministry of Labour and Employment introduced a new series of CPI for Industrial Worker (CPI-IW) with a base year of 2016.

Policy Implications:

* The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) uses CPI data to formulate monetary policy. Controlling inflation is a key objective.

* In April 2014, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) adopted the CPI as its primary measure of inflation, replacing the Wholesale Price Index (WPI).

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

ORDINANCES

Syllabus: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

Context: Governor Arif Mohammed Khan returns ordinances on delimitation of local bodies, citing model code of conduct.

Learning Points:

* An ordinance is a decree or law promulgated by a state or national government without the consent of the legislature.

* It allows the executive branch to make laws when the legislative body (Parliament or state legislature) is not in session or when urgent matters demand immediate attention.

* Ordinances have the same force and effect as an act of the legislature but are of a temporary nature.

* The President /Governor can issue an ordinance only when either both or one of the Houses of Parliament is not in session.

* An ordinance promulgated when both Houses are in session is void.

Constitutional Provisions Regarding Ordinance in India:

* Article 123 empowers the President to promulgate ordinances during the recess of Parliament.

* Article 213 empowers the Governor to promulgate ordinances during the recess of the State Legislature.

Validity and Limitations:

* An ordinance promulgated by the President has a maximum validity of six months and six weeks from the date of its promulgation.

* The maximum gap between two sessions of the Indian Parliament cannot be more than six months.

* The ordinance should be ratified by Parliament within six weeks of its reassembly.

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

Q1. With reference to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), consider the following statements:

1.  GDP is the monetary value of all the final goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time period.

2.  GDP allows us to compare economic performance across countries and regions.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

SCARBOROUGH SHOAL

Syllabus: GEOGRAPHY - WORLD MAP

Context: The Philippines recently challenged China to open Scarborough Shoal to international scrutiny after it accused Beijing of destroying the shoal's marine environment.

Learning Points:

* The Scarborough Shoal, also known as Scarborough Reef, is a series of small rocks and islands located in the South China Sea, approximately 220 kilometers (120 nautical miles) west of the Philippine Island of Luzon.

* The shoal is formed into a triangle shape and consists of small rocks and reefs.

* The deep waters surrounding the shoal make it a productive fishing area, rich in marine life.

Territorial Dispute:

* Both the People’s Republic of China and the Philippines claim Scarborough Shoal lies within their territory.

* China refers to the shoal as Huangyan Island, asserting a historical claim dating back to the Yuan Dynasty in the 1200s.

* The Philippines claims the area based on geography, as it is much closer to Luzon (the Philippines’ main island) than to China.

Control and Presence:

* Although there are no permanent structures on Scarborough Shoal, China has effectively controlled it since 2012.

* China maintains a constant coast guard presence at the feature.

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GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

Syllabus: ECONOMY

Context: Rating agency ICRA Ltd has said it expects India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth to moderate to a four-quarter low of 6.7% Q4 of 2024. For the full fiscal year, it expects GDP growth of 7.8%.

Learning Points:

* Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the monetary value of all the final goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time period, generally 1 year.

* It is a broad measurement of a nation’s overall economic activity.

* It reflects the economic vitality of a nation and serves as an indicator of growth, contraction, or stagnation.

Calculation:

* To calculate GDP, we sum up the final prices of goods and services produced in an economy.

* This includes private and public consumption, government spending, investments, additions to private inventories, and the foreign balance of trade.

Types of GDP:

*   Nominal GDP: Based on current market prices.

* Real GDP: Adjusted for inflation, calculated using a stable base year price.

Importance of GDP:

Comparison: GDP allows us to compare economic performance across countries and regions.

Policy Decisions: Governments use GDP data to formulate economic policies.

* Investment Decisions: Investors consider GDP growth when making investment choices.

Limitations:

* Excludes Non-Market Activities: GDP only considers market transactions (goods and services bought and sold). It excludes non-market activities like unpaid household work, volunteer work, and the informal economy. As a result, it may not fully capture the overall well-being of a society.

* Quality of Life: GDP doesn’t account for income distribution or quality of life. A country with high GDP may still have significant poverty or inequality.

* Environmental Impact: GDP doesn’t consider environmental costs. GDP growth can lead to environmental degradation (e.g., pollution, resource depletion) without reflecting these negative consequences.

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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED

Q1. Consider the following statements:

Statement-I:

The International Criminal Court (ICC) is a permanent court that prosecutes serious international crimes committed by individuals.

Statement-II:

ICC has jurisdiction over the signatory countries to persecute individuals for extraterritorial crimes such as genocide, war crimes, humanitarian crimes, and territorial aggression.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

(a)  Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

(b)  Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

(c)  Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

(d)  Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

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