UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
08 Feb 2022 13:00
Marine Heatwaves
Marine heatwaves are periods of extremely high temperatures in the ocean.
These events are linked to coral bleaching, seagrass destruction, and loss of kelp forests, affecting the fisheries sector adversely.
An underwater survey showed that 85% of the corals in the Gulf of Mannar near the Tamil Nadu coast got bleached after the marine heatwave in May 2020.
The Western Indian Ocean region experienced the largest increase in marine heatwaves at a rate of about 1.5 events per decade, followed by the north Bay of Bengal at a rate of 0.5 events per decade.
From 1982 to 2018, the Western Indian Ocean had a total of 66 events, while the Bay of Bengal had 94 events, the study notes.
The marine heatwaves in the Western Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal increased drying conditions over the central Indian subcontinent. Correspondingly, there is a significant increase in the rainfall over south peninsular India in response to the heatwaves in the north Bay of Bengal. “These changes are in response to the modulation of the monsoon winds by the heatwaves.
# Typically, heatwaves on land are associated with the north and northwest of India and over coastal Andhra Pradesh, north Odisha and parts of West Bengal.
Heatwaves killed 1,422 in Andhra Pradesh and 541 in Telangana in 2015 or about 90% of the national heat wave mortality of that year.
There’s been an increase in the number of affected regions in recent years, with more parts of the Himalayan plains, regions north of Andhra Pradesh and Central India also registering more heatwaves.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
08 Feb 2022 12:58
Operation AAHT
As part of this operation, special teams will be deployed on all long-distance trains/routes with focus on rescuing victims, particularly women and children, from the clutches of traffickers.
The RPF will act as a bridge cutting across States to assist the local police in the mission to curb the menace.
The infrastructure and intelligence network of the force could be utilized to collect, collate and analyse clues on victims, source, route, destination, popular trains used by suspects, identity of carriers/agents, kingpins etc and shared with other law-enforcing agencies.
# Need of Operation AAHT
The Railways, which operate about 21,000 trains across the country daily, is the most reliable mode of transportation for the traffickers who often move their victims on long-distance trains.
Thousands of Indians and persons from neighboring countries are trafficked every day to some destinations where they were forced to live like slaves.
They are also being trafficked for illegal adoptions, organ transplants, working in circus, begging and entertainment industry.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
08 Feb 2022 12:56
Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)
The Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY), launched in 2017, provides ₹5,000 for the birth of the first child to partially compensate a woman for loss of wages.
It also aims to improve the nutritional well-being of the mother and the child.
The amount is given in three instalments upon meeting certain conditions.
It is combined with another scheme, Janani Suraksha Yojana, under which nearly ₹1,000 is given for an institutional birth, so that a woman gets a total of ₹6,000.
Under the revamped PMMVY under Mission Shakti, the maternity benefit amounting to ₹6000 is also to be provided for the second child, but only if the second is a girl child, to discourage pre-birth sex selection and promote the girl child,”
One of the objectives of the scheme is to also improve health seeking behaviour of women and, therefore, the first instalment of ₹1,000 is given after ascertaining early registration of pregnancy and the second instalment of ₹2,000 is given after an ante-natal check after six months of pregnancy and the final instalment of ₹2,000 is given after the registration of the child birth and vaccinations for the newborn.
The scheme is clubbed with several other programmes under the Samarthya scheme.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
08 Feb 2022 12:54
Production-Linked incentive (PLI) Scheme:
It aims to give companies incentives on incremental sales from products manufactured in domestic units.
It invites foreign companies to set units in India, however, it also aims to encourage local companies to set up or expand existing manufacturing units.
# Pharmaceutical Sector:
The Rs. 6,940-crore PLI scheme implemented in 2020 focuses on the critical bulk drugs, whereas this scheme is likely to focus on other types of bulk drugs.
It intends to give incentives between 2020-21 and 2028-29 (9 years).
Drug manufacturers applying for the scheme will have to be registered in India and will be placed into one of three categories based on their Global Manufacturing Revenue (GMR).
# Categories of Drugs Targeted by the Scheme:
First Category:
It includes biopharmaceuticals, complex generics, patented and orphan drugs, often expensive for which India relies a lot on multinational drug makers.
Second Category:
It comprises Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), Key Starting Materials (KSMs) and Drug Intermediates (DIs).
Third Category:
It includes other critical repurposed, auto-immune, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-retroviral, anti-infective and cardiovascular drugs as well as in-vitro diagnostic devices and drugs not manufactured in India.
# Incentives:
For First and Second Category:
10% of incremental sales value for the first four year of the scheme, followed by 8% for the fifth year and 6% for the sixth year of production under the scheme.
For Third Category:
5% of incremental sales value for the first four years, 4% for the fifth year and 3% for the sixth year.
# Benefits of PLI in Pharmaceuticals:
Reduced Dependency on China:
India’s capabilities in APIs have reduced over the years, mostly due to cheaper alternatives from China.
The pharmaceutical industry here is currently dependent on the bordering country for nearly 70% of the bulk drugs it imports.
Enhance Exports:
The Indian pharmaceutical industry is the third-largest globally in terms of the volume term of production and is worth USD 40 billion in value.
The country contributes 3.5% of total drugs and medicines exported globally.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
07 Feb 2022 09:23
The Black Sea a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, is located between Eastern Europe and Western Asia
Excluding its northern arm, the Sea of Azov, the Black Sea occupies about 168,500 square miles (436,400 square kilometers).
The Black Sea, into which flow the Danube, Dnieper, Dniester, and Don Rivers, is connected to the Aegean Sea and eventually the Mediterranean Sea by the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
07 Feb 2022 09:12
The Sea of Azov is a shallow body of water that Ukraine shares with Russia.
Its only access to the open seas is through the Kerch Strait, which connects it to the Black Sea.
After Crimea’s annexation in 2014, Russia gained control over both sides of the Kerch strait.
The two large rivers that drain into the Sea of Azov are the Don and Kuban rivers. Several smaller rivers also flow into the sea including the Berda, Mius, Yeya, Beysug, Molochna, Kalmius, Atmanai rivers. The deposits and inflow from these rivers are responsible for the low salinity of the Sea of the Azov.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
07 Feb 2022 08:49
National Health Authority
The National Health Authority or the NHA is responsible for implementing India’s flagship public health insurance/assurance scheme Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY).
NHA has been set-up to implement the PM-JAY at the national level.
In the States, SHAs or State Health Agencies in the form of a society/trust have been set up with full operational autonomy over the implementation of this scheme including extending the coverage to non SECC beneficiaries.
# Functions of NHA
From 2018-2019, the organization was under the control of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
After 2019, the organization became independent and answerable to its own board of experts and policy makers.
The organization's primary activity is to manage the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY),which is a national health insurance program in India.
Other goals include improving access to health information and data for the public sector and supporting the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
07 Feb 2022 08:44
Duopoly
A duopoly exists when two companies dominate a market for a given product or service. A duopoly can have the same impact on the market as a monopoly if the two players collude on prices or output.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
07 Feb 2022 08:42
5G Technology
5G or fifth generation is the latest upgrade in the long-term evolution (LTE) mobile broadband networks.
5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together including machines, objects, and devices.
It’s a unified platform which is much more capable than previous mobile services with more capacity, lower latency, faster data delivery rate and better utilisation of spectrum.
# The low, mid, and high-frequency spectrum
5G mainly works in 3 bands, namely low, mid and high frequency spectrum — all of which have their own uses as well as limitations.
The low band spectrum has a great promise in terms of coverage and speed of internet and data exchange but the maximum speed is limited to 100 Mbps (Megabits per second).
So Telcos can use and install it for commercial cell phone users who may not have specific demands for very high speed internet, the low band spectrum may not be optimal for specialized needs of the industry.
The mid-band spectrum offers higher speeds compared to the low band, but has limitations in terms of coverage area and penetration of signals.
This band may be used by industries and specialized factory units for building captive networks that can be moulded into the needs of that particular industry.
The high-band spectrum offers the highest speed of all the three bands, but has extremely limited coverage and signal penetration strength.
Internet speeds in the high-band spectrum of 5G has been tested to be as high as 20 Gbps (giga bits per second), while, in most cases, the maximum internet data speed in 4G has been recorded at 1 Gbps.
# Salient Features
Capability: 5G will provide much faster mobile broadband service as compared to the previous versions and will provide support to previous services like mission critical communication and the massive Internet Of Things (IoT).
Upgraded LTE: 5G is the latest upgrade in the long-term evolution (LTE) mobile broadband networks.
Speed: With peak delivering rate of up to 20 Gbps and an average of 100Mbps, it will be much faster as compared to its predecessors. The speed increment is partly achieved partly by using higher-frequency radio waves than previous networks.
Capacity: There will be up to 100 x increase in traffic capacity and network efficiency.
Spectrum usage: Will provide better usage for every bit of spectrum, from low bands below 1 GHz to high bands.
Latency: It’s expected to have lower latency with better instantaneous, real-time access of the data. The 5G, like 4G LTE, also uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) but the new 5G NR (New Radio) air interface will enhance OFDM and provide better flexibility in data delivery.
Millimeter wave spectrum: The 5G networks will operate in the millimeter wave spectrum (30-300 GHz) which has the advantage of sending large amounts of data at very high speeds because the frequency is so high, it experiences little interference from surrounding signals.
# Applications of 5G technology
High-Speed mobile network: 5G will revolutionize the mobile experience with supercharged wireless network. Compared to conventional mobile transmission technologies, voice and high-speed data can be simultaneously transferred efficiently in 5G.
Entertainment and multimedia: 5G can provide 120 frames per second, high resolution and higher dynamic range video streaming without interruption. Audiovisual experience will be rewritten after the implementation of the latest technologies powered by 5G wireless. Augmented Reality and virtual Reality services will be better experienced over 5G.
Internet of Things: IoT applications collects huge amount of data from millions of devices and sensors and thus requires an efficient network for data collection, processing, transmission, control and real-time analytics which 5G network is a better candidate.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
07 Feb 2022 08:34
N.K.Singh Committee Recommendations
Debt-GDP ratio:
The debt to GDP ratio should be 38.7% for the central government, 20% for the state governments together by FY 2022 – 23.
Fiscal deficit-GDP ratio:
The government should target a fiscal deficit of 3% of the GDP in the years up to 31st March 2020 cut it to 2.8% in 2020-21 and to 2.5% by 2023.
Revenue deficit-GDP ratio:
Revenue deficit-to-GDP ratio has been envisaged to decline steadily by 0.25 percentage points each year from 2.3% in 2016-17 to 0.8% in 2022-23.
Recommended enacting a new Debt and Fiscal Responsibility Act after repealing the existing Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, and creating a fiscal council.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
08 Feb 2022 12:47
Vaccines
A vaccine is a biological preparation that develops acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease.
Acquired immunity is immunity one develops over a lifetime. It can come from a vaccine, exposure to an infection or disease, or another person’s antibodies (infection-fighting immune cells). When pathogens (germs) are introduced into the body from a vaccine or a disease, the body’s immune system learns to target those germs in the future by making new antibodies.
# Types of vaccines
Vaccines are made up of viruses or bacteria that are altered or weakened so that they only cause an imitation of the disease and not the disease.
There are a variety of different ways to alter or weaken the viruses or bacteria so that vaccination develops immunity instead of serious disease.
# Following are the different types of vaccines based on how they are made:
Live attenuated vaccines have weakened form of the living viruses in them. They are the closest to natural infections hence they quite effective, but everyone cannot get them because people with weakened immune systems like those undergoing chemotherapy, may have adverse reactions. Examples include MMR, chickenpox, and the flu vaccine nasal spray is also known as FluMist.
Toxoid vaccines prevent diseases caused by bacteria that produce toxins (poisons) in the body. These have weakened forms of toxins called toxoids in them. For example, DTaP and Tdap vaccines contain diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, in addition to protection against pertussis.
Inactivated vaccines have viruses in inactivated (killed) form. These vaccines produce immune responses, but cannot cause the disease itself. Examples include hepatitis A, influenza (shot only), polio (shot only), and rabies.
Subunit vaccines use only a part of the virus or bacteria instead of the full organism. They contain only the essential antigens from the causative agent, hence they cannot cause illness. An example is pertussis (whooping cough) component of the DTaP vaccine.
Conjugate vaccines use part of the coating of bacteria called polysaccharides. It is a type of subunit vaccine which combines a weak antigen with a strong antigen as a carrier so that the immune system has a stronger response to the weak antigen. Examples include hepatitis B, HPV, shingles, pneumococcal (PCV13), and meningococcal (MenACY).
# Types of CoVID-19 Vaccines:
There are four main types of CoVID 19 vaccinations-
Whole virus vaccine:
These have the live attenuated and inactivated vaccines types.
These require only conventional storage conditions.
India’s COVAXIN is an inactivated type.
Protein sub-unit vaccine:
The viral subunit is mixed with adjuvants to help stimulate an immune response.
They are expensive to produce and may require booster doses.
NOVAVAX is of such category.
mRNA (nucleic acid) vaccine:
The RNA code of the SARS CoV-2 virus is inserted into the host cell whose protein machinery interprets it to produce viral antigens.
The host body then produces antibodies in response and develops immunity against the SARS CoV-2.
These are easy to make and cheaper to produce, but this has never been used by humans before.
They require extreme cold storage of -70 degrees Celsius.
Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are such types.
Viral vector vaccine:
They also work by giving cells genetic instructions to produce antigens.
But they differ from nucleic acid vaccines because they use harmless viral vectors like adenovirus to deliver these instructions.
Our cellular machinery is hijacked by them to produce antigens which then trigger the immune response.
They require only conventional cold storage.
COVISHIELD and Russia’s Sputnik belong to this category.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
08 Feb 2022 12:40
Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics is the premier competition for sports that are played on ice or snow.
It is held every four years and features participants from across the world.
Ice skating, ice hockey, skiing and figure skating are some of the popular sports that are played at the Winter Games.
The first Winter Olympics were held in 1924 in Chamonix, France.
Winter sports were initially played at the Summer Olympics, with the 1908 London Olympics hosting four figure skating events and Antwerp 1920 having figure skating as well as ice hockey.
However, in 1924, a separate event was created for winter sports, called the International Winter Sports Week.
It was held in Chamonix, France – the host country for the 1924 Summer Olympics.
Two years later, the International Winter Sports Week in Chamonix was officially recognised as the first Winter Olympic Games.
This years’ edition of the Winter Olympic Games will be held in Beijing, China from 4th February to 20th February 2022.
India has been participating in the Winter Olympics since 1964.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
07 Feb 2022 09:17
The Black Sea, also known as the Euxine Sea, is located between Eastern Europe and Western Asia.
The Turkish straits system - the Dardanelles, Bosporus and Marmara Sea - forms a transitional zone between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
The Black Sea is also connected to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch.
The bordering countries of Black Sea are: Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
07 Feb 2022 09:08
Ukraine is bordered by Belarus to the north, Russia to the east, the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea to the south, Moldova and Romania to the southwest, and Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland to the west. In the far southeast, Ukraine is separated from Russia by the Kerch Strait, which connects the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
07 Feb 2022 09:02
Goods and Services Tax (GST)
* The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a value-added tax levied on most goods and services sold for domestic consumption.
* The GST is paid by consumers, but it is remitted to the government by the businesses selling the goods and services.
* GST is applicable on ‘supply’ of goods or services as against the old concept on the manufacture of goods or on sale of goods or on provision of services.
* GST is based on the principle of destination-based consumption taxation.
* It is a dual GST with the Centre and the States simultaneously levying tax on a common base. GST to be levied by the Centre is called Central GST (CGST) and that to be levied by the States is called State GST (SGST).
* Import of goods or services would be treated as inter-state supplies and would be subject to Integrated Goods & Services Tax (IGST) in addition to the applicable customs duties.
* CGST, SGST & IGST are levied at rates to be mutually agreed upon by the Centre and the States. The rates are notified on the recommendation of the GST Council.
# The Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act
* An Act to provide for compensation to the States for the loss of revenue arising on account of implementation of the goods and services tax in pursuance of the provisions of the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016.
#GST Council
* It is a constitutional body under Article 279A.
* It makes recommendations to the Union and State Government on issues related to Goods and Service Tax and was introduced by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016.
* The GST Council is chaired by the Union Finance Minister and other members are the Union State Minister of Revenue or Finance and Ministers in-charge of Finance or Taxation of all the States.
* It is considered as a federal body where both the centre and the states get due representation.
# Every decision of the Goods and Services Tax Council shall be taken at a meeting by a majority of not less than three-fourths of the weighted votes of the members present and voting, in accordance with the following principles, namely:
* The vote of the Central Government shall have a weightage of one third of the total votes cast, and
* The votes of all the State Governments taken together shall have a weightage of two-thirds of the total votes cast in that meeting.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
07 Feb 2022 08:55
Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission
It aims to provide digital health IDs for all Indian citizens to help hospitals, insurance firms, and citizens access health records electronically when required.
The pilot project of the Mission had been announced by the Prime Minister from the ramparts of the Red Fort on 15th August 2020.
# Features of the Mission:
Health ID:
It will be issued for every citizen that will also work as their health account. This health account will contain details of every test, every disease, the doctors visited, the medicines taken and the diagnosis.
Health ID is free of cost, voluntary. It will help in doing analysis of health data and lead to better planning, budgeting and implementation for health programs.
Healthcare Facilities & Professionals’ Registry:
The other major component of the programme is creating a Healthcare Professionals’ Registry (HPR) and Healthcare Facilities Registry (HFR), allowing easy electronic access to medical professionals and health infrastructure.
The HPR will be a comprehensive repository of all healthcare professionals involved in delivering healthcare services across both modern and traditional systems of medicine.
The HFR database will have records of all the country’s health facilities.
Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission Sandbox:
The Sandbox, created as a part of the mission, will act as a framework for technology and product testing that will help organisations, including private players intending to be a part of the national digital health ecosystem become a Health Information Provider or Health Information User or efficiently link with building blocks of Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission.
# Implementing Agency:
National Health Authority (NHA) under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
07 Feb 2022 08:42
Smart cities: Smart city application like traffic management, Instant weather update, local area broadcasting, energy management, smart power grid, smart lighting of street, water resource management, crowd management, emergency response etc can use a reliable 5G wireless network for its functioning.
Smart farming: 5G technology will be used for agriculture and smart farming in the future. Using smart RFID sensors and GPS technology, farmers can track the location of livestock and manage them easily. Smart sensors can be used for irrigation control, access control and energy management.
Mission critical applications: Like telemedicine services, remote control of critical infrastructure and vehicles. It has the potential to transform industries with highly reliable, low latency link.
Better Governance: Better speed and connectivity would reduce red tapism. It will enhance speedy completion of projects and better implementation of policies. It will enable accountability in the system through a better monitoring system and will reduce corruption.
Employment generation: 5G wireless technology will open greater opportunity for new device manufactures and application developers. New VoIP devices and smart devices will be introduced in the market and thus more job opportunities as well. This will help in inclusive growth reaping demographic dividend.
Enhanced Security: 5G wireless technology is one the best solution for security surveillance due to higher bandwidth and unlicensed spectrum. It will enhance better coordination among various agencies. Smart appliances which can be configured and accessed from remote locations, closed circuit cameras will provide high quality real-time video for security purposes.
Logistics and shipping: Logistic and shipping industry can make use of smart 5G technology for goods tracking, fleet management, centralized database management, staff scheduling and real-time delivery tracking and reporting.
Industrial Growth: Future industries will depend on smart wireless technologies like 5G and LTE advanced for efficient automation of equipment, maintenance, safety, tracking, smart packing, shipping, logistics and energy management.
Agricultural applications: 5g technology can be used for agriculture and smart farming in future. Using smart RFID sensors and GPS technology, farmers can track location of livestock and manage them easily. Smart sensors can be used for irrigation control, access control and energy management.
Healthcare and mission critical applications: 5G technology will support medical practitioners to perform advanced medical procedures with reliable wireless network connected to another side of the globe. Doctors can connect with patients from anywhere anytime and advice them when necessary. Scientists are working on smart medical devices which can perform remote surgery. Smart medical devices like wearable will continuously monitor patient’s condition and activate alert during emergency.
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UPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS SIMPLIFIED
07 Feb 2022 08:27
Key Highlights of Budget 2022
* Growth Rate:
India’s economic growth in the current year (2021-22) is estimated to be 9.2% of GDP, the highest among all large economies.
The revised Fiscal Deficit in the current year is estimated at 6.9% of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) as against 6.8% projected in the Budget Estimates.
The Fiscal Deficit in 2022-23 is estimated at 6.4% of GDP, which is consistent with the broad path of fiscal consolidation announced last year to reach a fiscal deficit level below 4.5% by 2025-26.
* Amrit Kaal:
India has entered into Amrit Kaal, the 25-year-long leadup to India@100. During the Amrit Kaal, the government aims to attain the following vision:
Complementing the macro-economic level growth focus with a micro-economic level all-inclusive welfare focus.
Promoting digital economy & fintech, technology enabled development, energy transition, and climate action.
Relying on a virtuous cycle starting from private investment with public capital investment helping to crowd-in private investment.
* Blueprint of Amrit Kaal:
Four Priorities:
PM GatiShakti
Inclusive Development
Productivity Enhancement & Investment, Sunrise Opportunities, Energy Transition, and Climate Action
Financing of Investments
* Productivity Linked Incentive:
60 lakh new jobs to be created under the productivity linked incentive scheme in 14 sectors.
# Other Major Announcements in Budget:
* Railways: One Station One Product concept to help local businesses & supply chains.
* Parvatmala: It is a National Ropeways Development Program, Parvatmala to be taken up on PPP mode.
* Kisan Drones: For crop assessment, digitization of land records, spraying of insecticides and nutrients.
* MSME: Udyam, e-shram, NCS and ASEEM portals to be interlinked.
* Skill Development: Digital Ecosystem for Skilling and Livelihood (DESH-Stack e-portal) will be launched to empower citizens to skill, reskill or upskill through on-line training.
* Education: ‘One class-One TV channel’ programme of PM eVIDYA to be expanded to 200 TV channels.
* Health: An open platform for the National Digital Health Ecosystem to be rolled out.
* Saksham Anganwadi (New Generation Anganwadi): Integrated benefits to women and children through Mission Shakti, Mission Vatsalya, Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0.
* PM-DevINE: New scheme Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North-East Region (PM-DevINE) launched to fund infrastructure and social development projects in the North-East.
* Vibrant Villages Programme:
Vibrant Villages Programme for development of Border villages with sparse population, limited connectivity and infrastructure on the northern border.
* Sunrise Opportunities:
Government contribution to be provided for R&D in Sunrise Opportunities like Artificial Intelligence, Geospatial Systems and Drones, Semiconductor and its eco-system, Space Economy, Genomics and Pharmaceuticals, Green Energy, and Clean Mobility Systems.
* GIFT-IFSC: World-class foreign universities and institutions to be allowed in the GIFT City.
An International Arbitration Centre to be set up for timely settlement of disputes under international jurisprudence.
* Digital Rupee: Introduction of Digital Rupee by the Reserve Bank of India starting 2022-23.
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