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Why are manholes round?
A larger ratio of the cross-sectional area of the manhole of a round hatch to the circumference of its body than that of a square or rectangular one, which makes it possible to reduce the cost of production by reducing the consumption of materials without compromising operational performance. (the diameter of the manhole in the current standards is close to 600 mm — with a round shape, the circumference of the body is 1.88 m, with a square one - 2.4 m, the area of the round-shaped lid is 0.28 m2, the area of the square-shaped lid is 0.36 m2. Thus, the overspending of materials for the production of the hatch during the transition from its round to square form of hatches will be 28%).
The round shape of the lid ensures that the lid itself will not fall into the hatch during its installation or disassembly. In principle, this problem can be solved by using a hatch that repeats any curve of constant width in shape, but the circle of all possible such figures is the most technologically
Why are precious metals expensive?
Gold, silver, platinum, etc. are precious metals, unlike others.
They received the name "noble metals" due to their high chemical resistance (practically do not oxidize in air) and gloss in products.
Gold, silver, pure platinum and palladium have high plasticity, and the rest of the noble metals, moreover, have very high refractoriness.
Unlike noble metals (for example, silver or gold), base metals easily enter into oxidative reactions under standard conditions.
That is why precious metals are much more valuable and more expensive than the same lead or copper.
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Why does iron rust?
Some metals are exposed to atmospheric oxygen and, combining with it, form oxides. Such metals include iron, which is covered with rust in water and in wet weather.
Rust is iron hydroxide. In a dry place and in acid-free water, iron does not rust, because there is a lot of carbon dioxide in the air and in rainwater.
It is clear why it is impossible to leave rakes, shovels and pitchforks, as well as other objects made of iron, in the rain.
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Why do ears sometimes "burn"?
Most often, this feeling is due to the fact that the blood flow to the brain in particular and to the head in general increases noticeably.
And it happens because of the following reasons
• Excessive excitement and embarrassment.
A banal emotional reaction that leads to a slight expansion of large arterioles and, as a result, an increase in blood filling of capillaries.
- Solving complex problems. The brain needs oxygen to work, which is supplied to it through the blood. And in some situations, the body purposefully increases blood flow to the head. And something comes to my ears, too.
- Warming frostbitten ears. First, due to the compensatory reaction, there is a spasm of the vessels through which blood is supplied to the ears. And when the effect of the cold stops, the spasm passes and the blood, on the contrary, intensely rushes to such areas.
It feels like the ears are just starting to burn.
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Why do cats often get "stuck" in a tree?
The claws of a domestic cat are bent so that they give it support when moving up the trunk of a tree, but they cannot hold the animal when descending. And cats do not like to go down backwards, because they do not see where they are moving. However, if a person does not come to the rescue, then the cats eventually climb down from the tree just forward with their tail.
Some of them manage to overcome this psychological barrier, and they become skilled tree climbers.
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Why are airplane pilots not allowed to wear a beard?
Because of the safety of passengers.
The thing is that sometimes a pilot needs to wear an oxygen mask — and with a beard, it will not fit tightly. This will jeopardize the safety of him and his passengers.
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Why do cats have glowing eyes?
The inner surface of the eye of these animals has a shiny layer, the so-called mirror, which reflects the incident light. The eyes of nocturnal predatory animals do not emit light, but only reflect the weak rays of stars, the Moon, distant light sources that fall inside the eye and focus on their back surface.
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Why are flies attracted to bad smells?
Those smells that serve as a warning to us about the rotting process are attractive to flies for exactly the same reasons. When organic tissues (of animal or vegetable origin) begin to rot, they become soft and moist. And these are ideal conditions for the development of fly larvae.
Rotting tissues are attractive to females who lay eggs (a housefly lays from 50 to 100 eggs at a time). Larvae can be born after 12 hours. As soon as they appear, they immediately burrow into a soft environment, which they feed on for several days. Then they turn into pupae, and after a while - into adults.
The entire development of a fly — from an egg to an adult - takes only 10 days.
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Why do we often visit the toilet while drinking beer?
Alcohol suppresses the production of the hormone arginine vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH.
ADH is produced by the hypothalamus, and its task is to preserve water in the body, reducing its loss with urine. It binds to the receptors of the kidneys and helps to make urine more concentrated, while its volume decreases.
Each of your mugs of beer not only added half a liter of liquid to your body, but also blocked the nerve channels that help ADH to establish communication with the kidneys. And the kidneys just start working at full capacity, producing low-concentration urine and expelling excess fluid from the body. And forcing you to constantly run along the "table-toilet" route.
In addition, carbonated alcoholic beverages, such as beer and champagne, irritate your bladder, which as a result seems fuller to you than it actually is due to gas pressure.
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Why is the speed at sea measured in knots?
To determine the longitude, ancient sailors calculated how far they sailed in a certain period of time. To do this, they used a special device — a "lag". It was an ordinary log to which a rope was tied. The log was thrown overboard from the stern of the ship, and waited for the rope to tighten.
Knots were tied at regular intervals along the entire length of the rope. The sailor, lowering the rope, counted how many knots passed through his hands in a certain time. This is how the ship's speed was calculated. Sailors began to use the word "knot" to denote the speed of the vessel.
Nowadays, a knot is equal to one nautical mile per hour, and a nautical mile is 1,852 meters - a little more than a land mile. Suppose a ship is sailing at a speed of 15 knots. This means that he is sailing at a speed of 15 nautical miles per hour (or 28 kilometers) per hour.
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Why can't kangaroos jump backwards?
Kangaroo is one of the best jumpers in the animal world, the length of his jump reaches 10-12 meters, and the speed of movement is 50 km / h. In order not to lose balance when jumping, the kangaroo uses a thick muscular tail at the base for balancing.
This tail, as well as large legs, are the reason that the kangaroo cannot jump back.
By the way, thanks to this fact, a kangaroo in the company of an emu, who also does not know how to back up, got on the coat of arms of Australia, illustrating the motto "Australia always goes only forward!"
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Where do fruit midges come from in the house?
Each of us knows firsthand that if you leave a couple of fruits on the table overnight and safely forget to put them in the refrigerator, then they will come — terrible fruit midges. Even if it's winter outside, the windows of your house are tightly closed, and the fruits bought the day before have been thoroughly washed.
Midges appear in your kitchen when the fruits or vegetables that are there gradually begin to deteriorate due to the process of rotting plant tissue. The fact is that after mating, fruit flies lay eggs on the surface of the fruit or vegetable they found, where the fly larvae, invisible to the human eye, are waiting for their cherished hour.
As soon as the process of fermentation or rotting inside the fruit begins, fruit flies become active and begin a systematic seizure of the territory of the fruit, and then your kitchen.
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Why do crab sticks have nothing to do with crabs?
The recipe for this favorite component of salads of Russian housewives appeared in 1973 in Japan and has hardly changed since then. The need for crab sticks was born due to the fact that at some point the number of crabs, which are a terribly important attribute of Japanese cuisine, began to decrease rapidly.
Inventive Japanese began to come up with a replacement. They took as a basis a dish called "Kamaboko— — cod fish fillets are used for its preparation - it is pure white. The fillets of these fish are crushed, then pounded, and thus they get surimi-minced meat. Potatoes, soy sauce, starch, egg powder and flavorings are added to it. Well, then they make oblong sticks from the resulting mass and evaporate them to get rid of fat.
The process is completed by applying a red or orange food coloring.
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Why do pigs like to wallow in the mud so much?
Pigs don't have sweat glands, they can't sweat even on the hottest days. That's why they like to wallow in cool mud. In addition, after such a mud bath, the sensitive skin is covered with a crust that protects from sunlight and insect bites.
The love of mud baths is also observed in wild pigs and in many large wild animals living in hot countries.
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Why does pineapple literally "corrode" the tongue?
Anyone who has ever tasted fresh pineapple knows that if you eat too much of it, your lips and tongue will hurt for a while.
This comes from the fact that pineapple contains an enzyme called bromelain. This enzyme literally "eats away" the tongue.
Bromelain has the property of destroying protein. On the one hand, it promotes digestion, helping the body to digest protein foods. You can also add fresh pineapple juice to the steak, and it will quickly soften the meat.
On the other hand, because of its activity, you will not be able to eat too many pineapples, since under the action of bromelain, your tongue will literally be "digested" by this enzyme.
However, the cells of the tongue recover very quickly, so you are not in danger of eating your own tongue along with pineapples.
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Why does a drunk person have sweating windows in the car?
After taking alcohol, the vessels and capillaries of the skin expand, which in turn increases the secretion of sweat. Together with an increase in body temperature and respiratory tract, the evaporation of moisture accelerates. Alcohol warms up the body, and therefore increases heat transfer.
Familiar to many, "dried" the next day is just caused by the dehydrating effect of alcohol.
According to doctors, only in this perspective can one seriously consider the influence of a tipsy person on the formation of condensation inside the car interior.
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Are there people without imagination?
Yes, this condition is called "aphantasia".
Such people really have no idea. When they are asked to close their eyes, they just see the darkness. They remember the description well, but they cannot even imagine the appearance of their loved ones or acquaintances when they are not around.
(By the way, in the photo, Mia Tomova is a student from Manchester who has been suffering from aphantasia since childhood).
On the other hand, such people never wind themselves up, are not afraid of the dark or heights, because these fears are based on imagination.
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Is it true that fish have a memory of 3 seconds?
That's not so.
It is memory that allows pisces to adapt to the world around them and continue their kind. They can remember the information for several days. Fish remember the direction of currents, potentially dangerous zones, natural enemies/friends, places to spend the night and even the seasons.
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Can elephants run and jump?
No.
The elephant is able to reach speeds of up to 40 km / h, but at the same time its legs move almost the same as when walking. The elephant never goes into a gallop - a run in which all four legs can be in the air without support.
Even with the fastest running, only two legs come off the ground at the same time. This is partly due to the peculiarities of the anatomy: the elephant's elbows bend forward like knees. The main reason is the huge weight: the bones and ligaments of the joints would not withstand overloads during repulsion and landing.
For the same reason elephants never jump.
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Why do surgeons wear blue or green gowns instead of white ones?
These colors help doctors see better.
Looking at blue or green tones can allow the doctor's eyes to take a break from the red color of the patient's blood or internal organs during surgery. The brain, as it were, opposes these colors to each other.
If the surgeon looks at something red or pink for a long time, he becomes immune to these colors. The red signal to the brain becomes less noticeable, fades, which makes it harder for the doctor to distinguish the nuances of the human body.
If you look at something blue or green from time to time, then the eyes remain sensitive to shades of red.
Given the fact that some operations last for days, doctors' eyes simply need such a rest.
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Does the hair look saltier if it is washed more often?
No, it's a myth.
Located in the dermis, on the second, "underground" floor of our skin, the sebaceous glands do not know what is going on up there at all, and tirelessly supply fat to the hair canal, no matter how often you wash your hair.
Therefore, there is nothing to object to daily gentle hair washing.
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Is it true that there is a ban on hairstyles in North Korea?
This is not entirely untrue, but still an exaggeration.
Yes, there are photos of women's and men's haircuts in local hairdressers, but they are still advisory in nature. On the other hand, fashion is largely determined by the country's leader, so many men wear exactly the same haircut as Kim Jong-un. For women, the chin-length square became a "hit", and thanks to the same Kim Jong-un, who mentioned that such a haircut is very suitable for Korean ladies.
So it is unlikely to be possible to make a creative haircut in the DPRK.
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Why was it fashionable among European ladies in the Middle Ages to wear dresses with fully open breasts?
In the 15th century, under the influence of Renaissance ideas in Europe, there was a fashion for women's dresses with fully open breasts. Some researchers believe that the direct culprit of this fashion was the mistress of the French King Charles VII, Agnes Sorel. The open-breasted cut was preserved to one degree or another until the 19th century and was captured by artists on many portraits of ladies from high society.
According to the moral principles of that time, bare breasts were more acceptable than bare legs or shoulders.
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A well-known property of an owl is to turn its head in all directions. But why is she doing this?
Everything is explained by the anatomical features of the bird. The fact is that the owl's eyes are very large and look in the direction determined by the eye sockets of the skull. Alas, the owl's eyes are motionless throughout its life, and it does not know how to move them like other animals. But evolution compensated for this shortcoming with an extremely mobile neck. To do this, the owl has a certain structure of the jaw and blood vessels in the neck, which are not squeezed with strong turns of the head.
So how many degrees can an owl turn its head? It is established that the bird can turn its neck up to 270 degrees! This is three quarters of a full turn.
No other living being on our planet can do this.
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Why do moose shed their horns?
The most plausible assumption comes from the fact that the horns of moose and other deer serve only to attract females (as a signal that their owner is a full-fledged male) and as a tournament weapon. Outside of the breeding season, horns do not bring any benefit.
Meanwhile, wearing such a heavy and bulky "crown" (the horns of a large elk can reach 180 cm in span and weigh up to 30 kg) makes it difficult to move through the forest and requires additional efforts – which is especially inappropriate in winter, when the amount of food is limited, and wolves almost completely switch to feeding ungulates.
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Why did people start wearing wedding rings?
The ring meant a circle - a symbol of completeness, completeness, and the connection with marriage, obviously, was in the cyclicity of human life. We often see how a man without a wife or a woman without a husband are considered "incomplete" in society. Only after getting married, they become one. Perhaps a round wedding ring symbolizes this, too.
One of the first nations to use wedding rings in marriage were the Egyptians. In Egyptian hieroglyphic pictures, a circle means eternity, and wedding rings meant a life together that was supposed to last after death.
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Why can't you drink alcohol at the same time as antibiotics?
Research and medical practice confirm that both alcohol and antibiotics have a depressing effect on the liver.
It is no coincidence that the instructions for antibacterial drugs indicate their negative impact on this important organ (some medications are completely contraindicated for people with severe liver diseases). If you combine alcohol and an antibiotic, the liver suffers doubly, so the fears of doctors are fully justified.
By the way, not only the liver is under attack: a "cocktail" of alcohol with antimicrobials negatively affects the functioning of the cardiovascular system, it is also dangerous for the pancreas and central nervous system.
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Why is it pointless to drink hot pepper with water?
The burning taste is given to pepper by the alkaloid capsaicin, which is practically insoluble in water. Therefore, water cannot wash it out of the oral cavity. But capsaicin dissolves well in alcohols and fats.
If there was no vodka at home, you can wash down the hot pepper with milk, or smear the tongue with butter.
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Is white chocolate really real chocolate?
Despite its name, white chocolate does not actually contain real chocolate components.
According to Bon Appetit, the product consists of a mixture of sugar, dairy products, vanilla, lecithin and cocoa butter - without solid chocolate particles.
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Why is the Darwin Prize awarded?
A special Darwin Prize has been established for people who have died or lost the opportunity to leave offspring as a result of their own stupidity. It is presented as a reward for a service - the removal of their genes from the gene pool of humanity.
One of the classic similar stories took place in an Egyptian village. An 18-year-old peasant climbed into the well to get a chicken that had fallen there. Since he could not swim, he began to sink, and his relatives and friends began to jump into the well to help him.
A total of 6 people drowned, and the chicken eventually survived.
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