The Urnfield Culture: Established Indo-Europeans
The Urnfield Culture (1300 - 750 BCE) was arguably the final stage of a late-Proto-Indo-European culture before divergence into its various daughter ethnicities across Europe. It is associated with pastoralism, a warrior aristocracy, and the practise of cremation.
Bronze artefacts, including weapons and jewelry, from Urnfield remains.
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Late-Bronze Age Terramare: A Component of the Urnfield Cultural System
For the Terramara culture the evidence for burial rites falls in a late phase of the MBA and LBA, whereas there is none for the preceding period. The remains of the dead were placed in urns, generally covered with a bowl and placed in small shallow pits, without burnt earth. Sometimes the remains of more than one individual were placed in the urn, usually one adult and one young child. The presence of grave goods is relatively rare and limited to a few ornaments or clothing attachments (pins, fibulae, etcetera).
– Franco Nicolis; Northern Italy (2013)
Oxford Academic
The Terramare Culture was located in the fertile Po Valley of northern Italy.
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Proto-Italic was probably last spoken ~1000 BCE, by people of the Terramare Culture (1700 - 1150 BCE in northern Italy. The sample about is a 2015 translation of The Lord's Prayer by linguist Michiel de Vaan, and represents a reconstruction¹.
¹No samples of this language have been found, but it must've existed based on the comparative analysis of later, attested Italic language descendants.
Proto-Indo-European → Italic → Classical Latin → Vulgar Latin → Western Romance → Ibero-Romance → Old Spanish → Medieval Spanish → Spanish
(The video begins with Classical Latin)
“Sól ek sá; svá þótti mér, sem ek sæja á göfgan guð; henni ek laut hinzta sinni aldaheimi í. —– I saw the sun; it seemed to me as if I were looking at a glorious deity; I bowed to it for the last time in the world of being.”
— Poetic Edda - stanza 41 “The Song of the Sun”
What did Eastern Hunter-Gatherers look like? Well, here's what one of them looked like.
(Two-way reconstruction allowing for uncertainty of pigmentation)
Minoan "Master of the animals" gold pendant, 18th century BC.
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Happy New Year ☀️
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Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers of the Mesolithic were a mixture of WHG & EHG.
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Facial Reconstruction: a Norwegian woman from the Mesolithic Era.
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Myceneaen Greeks from mainland Greece derive ~13 – 18% of their ancestry from a 'northern Steppe' source, i.e. Proto-Indo-Europeans.
Lazaridis et al. (2017)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5565772/
Bell Beaker grave goods (Ireland)
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These past few months have been very busy for Admins and, whilst our output hasn't been as regular or of such quality as it had been previously, we would ask you to stick with us into 2023 and beyond. Aryology is going nowhere, and we look forward to bringing you more and better posts in the near future.
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Urnfield Culture weaponry, late-Bronze Age.
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Lithuanian archæologist Marija Gimbutas associated the central European Urnfield system with '...many proto-populations: proto-Celts, proto-Italics, proto-Veneti, proto-Illyrians and proto-Phrygians (as well as proto-Thracians and proto-Dorians)'.
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Valley of the Po (1857)
Albert Bierstadt 🇩🇪
Artefacts from the Terramare Culture of the late-Bronze Age (1650 - 1100 BCE)
The Terramare Culture is a southern offshoot, probably via the Polada Culture (2100 - 1500 BCE), of the Bell Beaker Culture. "Terramare" simply means "black earth", as it describes the distinctly coloured soil of the area.
Pater Nostere – The Lord's Prayer (Proto-Italic)
YouTube | by Paleogloss">Paleogloss
The Evolution of Spanish | ABAlphaBeta (YT)
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Bonus: Early Medieval German
(Facial Reconstruction)
Minoan 'Snake Goddess' Figurines, or, the Knossos Figurines (~ 1600 BCE)
These figures are believed to be related to ancient Syrian religion, which briefly influenced pre-Greek Crete.
Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG) & Yamnaya
One important mating network that contributed to Yamnaya genetic ancestry was the Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG). EHG averaged about 50% of the ancestry of the Yamnaya populations that have been studied to date (Haak et al. 2015; Allentoft et al. 2015; Damgaard et al. 2018). The EHG genetic type was first defined in Haak et al. (2015: 208) on the basis of two genetically similar Mesolithic/Neolithic individuals from Lebyazhinka IV near Samara and Oleni Ostrov in Lake Onega near the Baltic in Russia. Eastern Hunter-Gatherers ranged from the Urals to the Baltic and moved down the river valleys into the steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas.
...
[Fr: Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard (Prof. David Anthony); 2019]
Individuals from Mesolithic Scandinavia, which define the so-called Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer (SHG) ancestry, show exclusively I2-M438 lineages. In samples of Mesolithic SHG, together with those of WHG and EHG ancestry (but not for those of the Balkans), mtDNA haplogroups U5 and U2 are prevalent.
Mathieson et al. 2017
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25778
The woman depicted here took 40% of her ancestry from a Western Hunter-Gatherer lineage, and 60% from an Eastern Hunter-Gatherer lineage – as noted – which is consistent with Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers being a mixture of the two sources.
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Extract: Mycenaeans can also be modelled as a mixture of Minoans and Bronze Age steppe populations (Table 1; Supplementary Information, section 2), suggesting that, alternatively, ‘eastern’ ancestry arrived in both Crete and mainland Greece, followed by ~13–18% admixture with a ‘northern’ steppe population in mainland Greece only.
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Facial Reconstruction: Myceneaen Greek male.
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Facial Reconstruction: woman of the Bell Beaker Culture from Cork, Ireland.
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In 360, Julian the divine was proclaimed Augustus by his soldiers at Lutetia (Paris). Most of his soldiers were Gauls and Germans and so they crowned him with a torque and lifted him up on their shields in the Celtic tradition. He was destined to be the defender of all the native pagan faiths of the Empire, not only in his role as Pontifex Maximus, head of the main Roman religion but also of all other regional cults. As a theurgist he believed that the common folk, through their devotional offerings, facilitated divine favour. Nor did he consider that all the plebs and subjects of Rome had to be Platonists like him. It was thanks to these Germanic and Celtic soldiers that Rome nearly restored it's native religion which was by then already unpopular among the urban elites who were frequently of near Eastern ancestry.
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