Correct Answer-D Ans,D. Prolactin For most of the anterior pituitary hormones. It is the releasing hormone that are important but prolactin is mainly under the inhibitory control.
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Correct Answer - C Ans: C.
The fall in 2, 3 DPG is less • he infusion of ACD blood caused P5o and 2,3-DPG concentration to decrease significantly • he infusion of blood stored in citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD) d not significantly increase the oxygen affinity. • To compensate for the increased oxygen affinity, there must be a rise in cardiac output or more likely a decrease in venous PO2: •| The transfusion of CPD blood, therefore, is more favorable in terms of oxygen supply, particularly in patients who have had cardiac surgery.
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HEMATOLOGY RAPID REVISION
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Correct Answer- A A i.e. Word formation Wernicke's area -) Site of integration. Broca's area -+ Motor part of speech.
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Correct Answer-A Ans. is 'a' i.e., Causes increase in GI Ischemia o Dopamine acts on dopamine (D, & D2) and adrenergic (a, +a2 + [3,) receptors, with no action on p, receptors o At lowest effective dose it stimulates D1 receptors in renal & mesentric blood vessels -> improves renal and mesentric perfusion. o At moderately high doses it acts as 13, agonist --> positive ionotropic. o At high doses it activates a-adrenoreceptors ---> vasoconstriction
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Correct Answer- B Aortic regurgitation [Ref. Harrison 17h/e p 1476 & 166/e p 1400 Kundu, bedside clinics in medicine] Water hammer pulse • It is a large bounding pulse, associated with increased stroke volume of the left ventricle and decrease in the peripheral resistance, leading to a wide pulse pressure. • The pulse strikes the palpating finger with a rapid, forcefid jerk and quickly disappears • It is best felt in the radial artery with the patients arm elevated. • It is seen in Aortic regurgitation. Pathophysiology of water hammer pulse • In Aortic re'urgitation the stroke volume is high, so the systolic pressure is high and this is responsible for sharp rise in the pulse • The stroke volume is high because the left ventricle gets blood from two sources during the diastole i.e. blood leaking from the Aorta and the blood it receives from left atria. • The collapse occurs because • Diastolic leak of blood into the left ventricle from the Aorta • Rapid run off to the periphery as a result of low systemic vascular resistance (the increased cardiac output stimulates the baroreceptors in the aortic arch and the result is reflex vasodilatation of the peripheral vessels into which the blood flows rapidly)
Wiry are arms elevated in the examination ? • When the arm is raised there is fall of blood column resulting in vasodilation and thus helps to reduce the diastolic pressure more the pulse pressure widens. • It may be so that the artery palpated becomes more in the line of Aorta after elevation of the arm and thus allows the direct systolic ejection and diastolic backward flow.
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Correct Answer - B
Ans. B. Submucosal plexus
Myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus) - External plexus.
Meissner's plexus (submucosal plexus) - Inner plexus.
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Correct Answer - A
Ans. A. Bile salts
Bile (Major constituent bile salts) is absorbed in terminal ileum.
Iron and calcium are absorbed in duodenum.
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Correct Answer - C Answer: C-Relaxed state • Regarded as normal wavefront • Occur when at rest and eyes closed with active/wandering mind ◦f ie., associated with a decreased level of attention (either during relaxed/subconscious thinking) • Regular Rhythm (Frequency 8-13 Hz Amplitude - 50-100 V)
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Correct Answer B Ans: B. Loss of myelin sheath Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a disabling progressive neurological disorder The pathophysiology of MS results in disruption or loss of axonal myelin in the central nervous system (CNS), leading to the formation of scar tissue (sclerosis). Demyelination produces alterations in saltatory conduction, slowed conduction velocity, and a predisposition to conduction block Ref: https://www.physiology.orgldoilpdfl10.1152ljapplphysiol.004
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Wishing you all bright and prosperous Diwali. Let this Diwali be a time of renewal and prosperity in both our professional and personal lives.
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Correct Answer - D
D i.e Lobar Pneumonia
The important causes of hypoventilation :-
i) Obstruction in airways :- Foreign body, COPD (chronic
bronchitis, emphysema).
ii) Decrease in respiratory drive :- It is due to decrease in
stimulation of respiration from CNS e.g. brain injury, meningitis,
bulbar poliomyelitis, Drugs (morphine, sedative, anesthetics),
hypothyroidism.
iii) Decrease in functioning of respiratory muscles :- Mysthenia
gravis, poliomyelitis, kyphoscoliosis, myopathy, polymyositis, GB
syndrome, interstitial lung disorders, AML.
iv) Increased load on respiratory system :- It may be due to :?
a) Reduced chest wall compliance :- Pleural effusion,
pneumothorax, ascitis, rib cage disorder (kyphoscoliosis), ankylosing
spondylitis.
b) Reduced lung compliance :- Atelectasis, lung resection, alveolar edema
Correct Answer - B Ans. B i.e. Amygdala * The amygdala has been called the "window" through which the limbic system sees the place of the person in the world. The amygdala receives neuronal signals from all portions of the limbic cortex, as well as from the neocortex of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes, especially from the auditory and visual association areas.
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Correct Answer O Raynaud's Phenomenon is not mentioned in association with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA).
Ref: Current Diagnosis and Treatment in Rheumatology, 2nd Edition, Pages 196-197; Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics, 18th Edition, Page 1003; Primer on The Rheumatic Diseases By John H. Klippel, Page 145
Correct Answer -C
Ventricular distension can produce a powerful depressor reflex called the Bezold-Jarisch reflex; vagal afferents of this cardiopulmonary reflex are also activated by chemical stimulation (eg, prostanoids, cytokines, serotonin, and classically, Veratrum alkaloids). The central connections for this reflex are in the nucleus tractus solitarii, which has both sympathetic and parasympathetic synapses
Ref: Hoit B.D., Walsh R.A. (2011). Chapter 5. Normal Physiology of the Cardiovascular System. In V. Fuster, R.A. Walsh, R.A. Harrington (Eds), Hurst's The Heart, 13e.
Correct Answer -D PR - Interval corresponds with atrial depolarisation and conduction through AV node QRS - corresponds with Ventricular depolarisation + atrial repolarisation QT - corresponds with ventricular depolarisation + ventricular repolarisation +
Ref: Review of Medical Physiology by Ganong, 20th Edition, Page 532.
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Correct Answer - D
Ans. D.Prolactin
Galactokinesis
Also called milk ejection or milk letdovn.
It is brought about by oxytocin which stimulates contraction of the myoepithelial cells in the mammary alveoli and ducts
ie.contraction of lactiferous ducts and sinuses.
Oxytocin s released when the nipple is stimulated during suckling.
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Correct Answer - D
Ans. D. Cell membrane damage
[Ref: Clinical physiology 24th/e p.222]
Electromyography is a process of recording electrical activity of
muscles.
It can be done by either of the two methods:
1. By putting a surface electrode and recording activity of underlying
muscle.
2. By inserting a needle electrode into the muscle.
There are there types of signals (by needle electrode) : -
i) Insertional activity:
It is the electrical activity at the time of insertion of electrode due to disruption of cell membrane.
This should be ignored.
ii) Resting activity (spontaneous activity).
iii) Voluntary muscle recruitment.
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Correct Answer - C
Ans. C. GLUT-4
[Ref Principles of medical physiology p.790]
GLUT-4 is responsible for facilitating the transport of glucose into the cells in response to insulin.
For this reason, mutation in GLUT-4 have been associated with type
2 diabetes.
The GLUT-4 gene is located on short arm of chromosome 17
(17p13).
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