Correct Answer - B
Ans. B. Early morning
[Ref Textbook of clinical endocrinology p. 78]
The secretion of ACTH and consequently that of cortisol follows a circadian rhythm due to hypothalamic (Suprachiasmatic nucleus) control.
ACTH secretion is minimum during night and maximum early in the
morning (6-8 am).
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Correct Answer - B
Ans:B. Aquaporin 2
Principal cells of collecting duct contain a regulated system of water channels antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also called arginine
vasopressin, AVP).
ADH controls permeability of these cells to water by regulating
insertion of pre-formed water channels (aquaporin-2, AQP2) into
apical membrane.
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Correct Answer - C
Ans. C. Free nerve endings
Pain receptors are free nerve endings, i.e. they are not enclosed in a capsule.
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Correct Answer - D
Ans. D. Cholinergic
An exercise is a form of stress, and like most stresses, is accompanied by sympathetic overactivity.
Skeletal muscles have both sympathetic noradrenergic
vasoconstrictor fibers and sympathetic cholinergic vasodilator fibers.
Vasoconstrictor nerve fibers act mainly on veins.
Venoconstriction improves venous return and helps in improving
cardiac output.
On the other hand, sympathetic cholinergic fibers, which are unique
to skeletal muscles, bring about arteriolar dilatation and thereby
increase muscle blood flow.
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Correct Answer - c
Ans. C. Obstructive sleep apnea [OSAI [Ref Harvard ed] Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI)
The AHI is the number of apneas or hypopneas recorded during the
study per hour of sleep.
It is generally expressed as the number of events per hour.
Based on the AHI, the severity of OSA is classified as follows:
None/Minimal: AHI < 5 per hour
Mild : AHI 5, but < 15 per hour
Moderate : AHI 15, but < 30 per hour
Severe : AHI 30 per hour.
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Correct Answer - B
Ans: B. Obstructive lung disease
Measurement of the bronchodilator response of forced expiratory
volume in 1 second (FEV1) is an important method in clinical
respiratory medicine.
This measurement is used to predict the response to bronchodilator treatment and is part of the diagnosis of COPD and asthma.
The bronchodilator response of forced vital capacity (FVC) has less
clinical use than the bronchodilator response of FEV1 but may add
important clinical physiological information
Airway obstruction was defined as FEV1/FVC ratio below lower limit
of normal (LLN) before bronchodilation, and COPD was defined as an FEV1/FVC ratio below LLN after bronchodilation.
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Correct Answer - C
The CSF is formed in the choroid plexuses and the remainder is formed around blood vessels and along ventricular walls. CSF fills the ventricles and subarachnoid
space.
In humans, the volume of CSF is about 150 mL and the rate of CSF production is about 550 mL/d. Thus the CSF turns over about 3.7 times a day.
The composition of CSF is
essentially the same as that of brain extracellular fluid (ECF), which in living humans makes
up 15% of the brain volume. pH (7.31 - 7.34) slightly less than plasma (7.35 - 7.45). CSF
contain no neutrophils. Its differential count is: Lymphocyte - 60-70%, Monocytes - 30-50%,
Neutrophils - None
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Correct Answer - A
A i.e. (SBP + 2DBP) /3
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Correct answer: A word formation.
Brocas area - motor part of speech
Wernikes area - site of integration
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Correct Answer - C
Ans. C. Adrenal medulla
[Ref: Textbook of Human physiology by sherwood p.681.]
The Adrenal medulla is actually a modified part of the sympathetic
nervous system.
The adrenal medulla consists of modified postganglionic
sympathetic neurons called chromaffin cells.
Unlike ordinary postganglionic sympathetic neurons, chromaffine
cells, do not have axonal fibers that terminate on effector organs.
Instead, on stimulation by preganglionic fibers, the chromaffine in cells release their chemical transmitter directly into theblood.
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Correct Answer - C
Ans. C. Calcaneal reflex
S1 S2 is checked by ankle jerk (also called Calcaneal reflex or
achilles reflex).
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Correct Answer - A
Ans. A. Apex
[Ref Understandings of medical physiology p.791]
"The air spaces at the apices of the lungs tend to be relatively
distended, due to weight of the lungs effectively dragging itself
downwards, putting traction on the upper part of the lung and
stretching the apical air spaces open."
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Correct Answer - B
Ans. B. Muscle tone maintenance
[Ref Understanding of medical physiology p.138]
If a skeletal muscle is stretched, it respond by contracting.
In other words, if a muscle is stretched, it tends to become shorter and more stiff, thereby resisting stretch.
This is because of receptor sensitive to stretch within the muscle.
Stretch receptor within a muscle is called "muscle spindles".
Stretch reflex has two principal functions:
1) To maintain muscle tone
Tone is a tendency of a muscle to resist being stretched.
Muscle tone is not only important for maintaining posture but also
facilitates locomotion and makes all voluntary movement smooth.
2) To make muscles respond to stretch and release.
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Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., ADH
(principles of medical physiology p. 573)
Blood pressure is regulated by following mechanisms.
Short term regulation
These mechanisms act immediately and correct the blood pressure
quickly.
These are :-
1. Baroreceptor reflex: Works during Bp range 70-150 mmHg
2. Chemoreceptor reflex - Works when Bp below 80 mmHg.
3. CNS ischemic response : This the only hope of survival when BP is below 40 mmHg.
Hormonal release : These are -
1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) : Increases water reabsorption in
kidney.
2. Angiotensin II: Causes vasoconstriction.
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Correct Answer - C
Ans. C. Acetylcholine
Nerve supply of sweat gland is unique in that it k sympathetic but
cholinergic (most other sympathetic sites are noradrenergic)
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Correct Answer - B
Ans. B. Binding capacity to albumin
Plasma protein binding of a substance decreases is glomerular
filtration.
Only unbound substances are filtered.
Glomerular filtration does not depend on lipid solubility as filtration occurs through the pores in glomerular membrane
(Lipid solubility affects the transport of substance across cellular membrane)
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Correct Answer - D
Ans. D. Ca+2
[Ref Principles of medical physiology p.801]
Effects of ion concentration change on membrane potential:
* Hypercalcemia
- An increase in extracellular Ca2+ concentration can stabilize the
membrane by decreasing excitability.
* Hypocalcemia
- Calcium ion is membrane stabilizers.
- A decrease in extracellular Ca2+ concentration increases the
excitability of nerve by decreasing the amount of depolarization
necessary to produce the action potential.
- Hyperexcitability is seen.
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Correct Answer - B
Ans: B. Hyperparathyroidism
The serum calcitonin level is strongly increased in this type of
cancer.
After successful total thyroidectomy, calcitonin is no
longer detectable.
Increasing concentrations of calcitonin after therapy indicate relapse or metastasis.
Hyperparathyroidism is
present in 20-30% of patients with medullar thyroid carcinoma.
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Correct Answer - D
Ans. D. Cholinergic
An exercise is a form of stress, and like most stresses, is accompanied by sympathetic overactivity.
Skeletal muscles have both sympathetic noradrenergic
vasoconstrictor fibers and sympathetic cholinergic vasodilator fibers.
Vasoconstrictor nerve fibers act mainly on veins.
Venoconstriction improves venous return and helps in improving
cardiac output.
On the other hand, sympathetic cholinergic fibers, which are unique
to skeletal muscles, bring about arteriolar dilatation and thereby
increase muscle blood flow.
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Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Generation of HCO-3 in RBCs
Carbon dioxide is transported in blood as plasma bicarbonate.
Red blood cells (RBCs) play a major role in the mechanism because
RBCs contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase that catalyzes the
reaction CO2 + H2O = HCO3 +
Hence when CO2 diffuses into the RBC, it reacts chemically with
water to generate HCO3-.
The ft ions are mopped up by hemoglobin, which is an excellent
buffer.
.
This enables the reaction to proceed in the forward direction.
The HCO3- ions generated diffuse out into the plasma in exchange
for Cl- ions that diffuse into RBCs simultaneously.
The movement of chloride ions into RBC is called Chloride shift.
The above events results in an increase in total number ions inside the RBC, which increases its osmolarity.
As a result, water enters the RBC through osmosis.
The RBCs carrying CO2 in bicarbonate form will therefore be
somewhat larger than normal.
Hence the hematocrit of venous blood is normally 3% greater than
that of arterial blood.
o In the lungs, Cl- moves out of the RBCs and they shrink.
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Correct Answer - C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Cerebellum
Cerebellum, through its connection with the red nucleus influences
the activity of brainstem reticular formation and thereby gamma
motor neuron activity.
Through its connections with the vestibular nucleus and
vestibulospinal tract, cerebellum influnences the activity of alpha
motor neurons.
Thus, normal cerebellar function is essential for the maintenance of
normal muscle tone and posture.
The cerebellum seems to play crucial roles in walking as well as
maintaing a standing posture.
Cerebellar vermis plays an important role in maintenance of
standing postuk.
Basal ganglia is also involved in maintaining posture by acting as
relay center for extrapyramidal pathways. But its role is not as
important.
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Correct Answer - D
Ans. D. Fundus
Anatomically the stomach is divided into fundus, body (corpus),
antrum and pylorus.
However, functionally, the stomach is divided into a proximal and
distal end.
'Proximal stomach' includes fundus and proximal l/3d of the body
and 'distal stomach" includes distal 2/3d of the body and the antrum.
A vasovagal reflex triggered by swallowing a bolus of food causes
the lower esophageal sphincter to open and the proximal stomach to
dilate (receptive relaxation) to accommodate the swallowed food.
As a result, the internal pressure hardly rises in spite of the
increased filling.
Thus, the proximal stomach serves primarily the function of storage.
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Correct Answer - B
Answer is B (Positive in Lead I and Negative in Lead II)
Left axis deviation is seen as positive deflexion in Lead I and a
Negative deflection in Lead II.
Calculating the cardiac axis:
Normal Axis
Right axis
deviation
Left axis
deviation
Lead I Positive Negative Positive
Lead II Positive Positive or negative Negative
Lead III Positive ornegative
Positive Negative
Note:
Lead I : POSITIVE BETWEEN -90 TO +90 (CLOCKWISE) Lead II :
POSITIVE BETWEEN -30 TO +150 (CLOCKWISE) Lead III :
POSITIVE BETWEEN +30 TO -150 (CLOCKWISE)
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