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Q. Highlight the Central Asian and Greco-Bactrian elements in the Gandhara art (10 marks)
✅ The Gandhara School of art shows Buddha in the symbolic form, not a human form. It was developed between the 1st century BCE and the 7th century CE during Kushan rule, of which Gandhara sculpture was an important part, depicting sculpture of Buddha.
✅The central Asian and Greco-Bactrian elements in the Gandhara art:
▪️Greek Influence:
✅ Hellenistic features like curly hairs, moustaches on face.
✅ Vajrapani protector image.
✅ Muscular body.
✅ Coins with Greek script.
✅ Draperies covering both shoulders.
✅ Stucco plastering.
▪️Roman influence:
✅ Buddha is sometimes presented in Roman motifs like Triton.
✅ Buddha of Gandhara sometimes through a wine scroll.
✅ Buddha in human form is inspired by Roman tradition.
✅ The outer rope of Buddha of Gandhara like Kaya resembles Roman gods.
▪️Central Asian Influence:
✅ Bluish Schist used in Gandhara Art.
✅ Disc shaped halo around the Buddha head.
✅ Buddha presented in human form.
✅ Kharosthi letters on Buddhist inscriptions in Gandhara.
The above influences can be well justified because of the strategic location of Gandhara school. Thus, in this regard it can be claimed that the art that flourished in the Gandhara valleys was a blend of different cultures.
🔆WEAVING AS A LIVELIHOOD
✅ According to some estimates, the handloom industry may be the largest source of employment in India next only to agriculture.
✅ Unfortunately, the lack of reliable data regarding this sector is but one of the many challenges that it faces today.
✅ The other big challenge faced by the sector is competition from products made by the powerloom which are much cheaper and available in much larger quantities.
✅ The prevalence of machine-made goods has lured many weavers away from traditional hand-weaving techniques.
✅ Another challenge for the weavers is fast- changing fashion and design preferences. Few weavers have formal training in the design and marketing of products, especially those which are in demand in urban centres.
✅ Thus, many weavers, instead of passing their skills to the next generation, choose to encourage their children to work in offices, in the hope of a better life.
Ray of Hope :
✅With the current interest in handmade and sustainable products, there is renewed hope for weavers.
✅Weaving by hand produces no emissions and uses natural raw materials.
✅Today, several Indian fashion designers are working with rural weaving clusters international fashion houses too are showing interest in Indian handicraft and handloom practices.
✅ The other positive development is the advent of e-commerce. Weavers have easy access to whole new markets, information, and connectivity, and they can choose to market their products online.
✅Some organisations and corporate houses are supporting weavers in the entire value chain from providing raw materials to marketing their products.
Conclusion
✅ Not many other countries can boast of such a rich culture of hand work particularly handlooms.
✅ It is a rare privilege to have weavers with such skill and knowledge even today and we must each do our bit to understand, support, and encourage handlooms.
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Gs-4 Ethics
“The good for man is an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue, or if there are more kinds of virtues than one, in accordance with the best and most perfect kind.” Comment
answer :
1. A virtue is a trait or quality that is deemed to be morally good and thus is valued as a foundation of principle and good moral being. It is a behavior that shows high moral standards.
2. Ethics is devoted to discussing the various moral and intellectual virtues. These virtues are dispositions to behave in the correct way. They are not themselves activities, but they ensure that our activities will be of the right kind. To live “in accordance with virtue,” then, is to live in such a way that our activities flow naturally from a virtuous disposition.
3. The statement connects Aristotle’s conception of happiness and the good life with his conception of virtue.
The word activity translates from the Greek energeia, which signifies not only physical activity but also mental activity as seemingly inactive as contemplation or daydreaming. Good life is not an end state that we achieve but rather a way of life that we live.
4. Aristotle is arguing that once we have discovered the function of man we find that happiness is the virtuous activity of the soul. Aristotle treats happiness as an activity, not as a state. He uses the word energeia, which
is the root of word energy, to characterize happiness.
5. The point is that happiness consists of a certain way of life, not of certain dispositions. In saying that happiness is an energeia, he contrasts happiness with virtue, which he considers a hexis, or state of being
6. Possessing all the right virtues disposes a person to live well, while happiness is the activity of living well, which the virtuous person is inclined toward
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Q. Persian literary sources of mediaeval India reflect the spirit of the age. Comment?
Persian literature gained prominence during the Delhi Sultanate primarily during the mediaeval era around 12th AD. The writings of Fariq-i-Firuz Shahi, Akbarnama and many more explored the socio-political conditions of that period.
▪️The Persian literature reflects the spirit of the age in the following ways:
1. Political structure of Mediaeval India:
a. Ziauddin Barani’s Tahrik-i- Firoz Shahi about Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
b. Akbar Nama by Abu Fazl.
c. Both described the Political unit at centre, provincial and state level along with the type of administration
during Delhi and Mughal dynasties.
2. Social Aspects: Amir Khusro reflected that:
a. Brahmins were the dominant sections among the Hindus.
b. He also mentions the exploitative nature of the Jizya Tax.
c. He reflected the Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb.
3. Religious Aspect:
a. Religious tolerance towards others.
b. Important festivals as means of entertainment.
c. Tuzuq-i-Jahagiri, Rihala are a few of the important sources.
Overall, these Persian sources not only talk about the Indian condition but also popularized Indian culture worldwide. For example, Dara Shikoh translated Gita and Mahabharata into Persian. They also bring different ideas to the sub-continent. The development of Hindavi and Urdu is very much influenced by the work of Amir Khusro.
All the best for tomorrow’s CSP-2024 Paper
Tomorrow is the test of whatever you have given to this examination in the last one year or maybe more.
So first of all be Proud of yourself that you have dared to face this examination
Some suggestions:
1) A lot can change with confidence and active mind. It can easily decide whether one is getting 80 marks or 100 marks (difference of around 5 ques)
2) Don’t ever judge yourself while still giving your paper. Be in present and give 100%
3)Don’t rush towards the end of examination. 10 minutes is more than sufficient to solve 20-25 questions in 2nd or 3rd iteration/reading.
4) It is generally noticed that we miss the chances of our selection not because of tough questions but due to blunders that we do in easy questions (especially Polity and economy). So don’t rush in easy questions
5) Don’t match/analyse your answers during break, even if you are strong in CSAT. Take CSAT as seriously or may be more than the first paper.
6) I consider attempting around 50 questions in CSAT as best. Temptation to attempt more might lead to silly mistakes.
Also remember that if the paper is tough than it is tough for everyone. Questions are now generally asked to check your analytical skills and static knowledge.
Believe in yourself and take a good nap to remain most active during the vital hours of tomorrow.
Even if you are not able to sleep, in morning convince your mind that you have slept well and you are very active now. (Psychology can play a very important role sometimes)
All the best for the D-day !! 😇
Credit : Shubham Kumar [Rank-1, UPSC'20]
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Sevottam Model
✅Sevottam is a generic framework for achieving excellence in public service delivery. It comprises of 3 modules namely:
✅ Citizen’s Charter
✅ Grievance Redressal Mechanism
✅ Capability Building for Service Delivery
✅The first component of the model requires effective charter implementation thereby opening up a channel for receiving citizens’ inputs into the way in which organizations determine service delivery requirements.
✅ The second component of the model, ‘Public Grievance Redress’ requires a good grievance redress system operating in a manner that leaves the citizen more satisfied with how the organization responds to complaints/grievances, irrespective of the final decision.
✅ The third component ‘Excellence in Service Delivery’, postulates that an organization can have an excellent performance in service delivery only if it is managing the key ingredients for good service delivery well and building its own capacity to continuously improve delivery.
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Q. The process of desertification does not have climatic boundaries. Justify with examples.
Desertification is the gradual degeneration of land productivity and quality caused due to climate change or anthropogenic activities. It is not the extension of deserts but a reduction in capacity of land to provide services.
▪️Desertification is caused by multiple factors like Overgrazing, groundwater exploitation, Unsustainable farming etc. Why desertification doesn't have climatic boundaries:
✅ Primarily associated with Arid regions, but increased climatic pressure has extended it to semi-arid and sub-humid regions.
✅ The northward movement of arid lands is its prominent indicator. E.g.: Southern Punjab showing conditions similar to the dry Rajasthan.
✅ Climate change has impacted rainfall duration and volume, further extending the dry regions.
✅ Land degradation is a global concern- from Canada to the Kalaharis of Africa.
✅ Climate activities like ocean currents, trade winds influence precipitation, leading to erosion either via excess (water erosion) or deficiency (wind erosion).
Desertification would lead not only to erosion of soil and productivity loss, but also economic crisis and food
security challenges. It is thus necessary for a global action to fight the menace that knows no national or climatic boundaries.
What are the salient features of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan launched by the Government of India for water consefvation and water security?
(Answer in 150 words)
To tackle the increasing water crisis in the country, GoI launched a time-bound, mission-mode water
conservation campaign namely Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA).
▪️Key features:
✅ Aims at making water conservation a Jan Andolan through asset creation and extensive communication.
✅ A collaborative campaign of various Central Ministries and the State Governments being coordinated by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS).
✅ Focuses on accelerated implementation of five targeted interventions
a. Water conservation and rainwater harvesting
b. Renovation of traditional water bodies
c. Reuse and recharge structures
d. Watershed development
e. Intensive afforestation
✅ Development of Block and District Water Conservation Plans.
✅ Encompasses Krishi Vigyan Kendra Melas, to promote efficient water use for irrigation (Per Drop More Crop), and better choice of crops for water conservation.
✅ Promote urban waste water reuse, for industrial and agriculture purposes.
Despite being a wonderful initiative, it has its own issues, such as lack of financial support and absence of any
parameter to measure the outcomes, which needs to be addressed to make it a successful campaign.
"Recent amendments to the Right to Information Act will have profound impact on the autonomy and independence of the Information Commission". Discuss.
(Answer in 150 words)
Recently, some of the sections of RTI like section 13, 16, 27 has been amended, which has the potential to impact the autonomy of the Information commission.
▪️Amendments done:
✅Term of Information Commissioners: The amendment states that the central government will notify the term of office for the CIC and the ICs.
✅Determination of salary: The amendment seeks an amendment to state that the salaries, allowances, and other terms and conditions of service of the central and state CIC and ICs will be determined by the central government.
✅Deductions in salary: The Act states that at the time of the appointment of the CIC and ICs (at the central and state level), if they are receiving pension or any other retirement benefits for previous government service, their salaries will be reduced by an amount equal to the pension.
▪️Impact of such amendment on Autonomy and Independence of the Information Commission:
✅Dismantling of Transparency architecture.
✅ It has been criticised as an RTI elimination bill.
✅It shifts loyalty to the government from the public.
✅The CIC and IC deal with huge vested interest especially in senior bureaucracy, thus the amendment will impinge the working of commission.
✅Doctrine of checks and balances will be impacted.
It is a high time to understand that RTI is enacted not only to subserve but also to ensure freedom of speech, thus implement the recommendation of 2nd ARC - Setting the selection committee comprising of PM, LoP, CJI for the appointment of CIC, rather than destroy the independence of the commission.
The rock-cut architecture represents one of the most important sources of our knowledge of early Indian art and history. Discuss. (Answer in 150 words)
Rock-cut architecture is a significant aspect of Indian art and history, representing one of the most important sources of our knowledge of early Indian civilization. The art of carving out temples, shrines, and other structures from rocks dates back to ancient times and is found in various parts of the country.
▪️The origins of rock-cut architecture can be traced back to the 2nd century BC, during the Mauryan Empire, when Emperor Ashoka commissioned several rock-cut edicts across India. The art form evolved over the centuries, with each region developing its unique style and techniques.
✅ Promotion of Religious Harmony and Unity: Rock-cut architecture showcased religious harmony and unity, as seen in the rock-cut temples of Ellora, which integrated Hindu,
Buddhist, and Jain religions in India.
✅ Facilitation of the Spread of Regional Art and Architecture: Rock-cut architecture spread regional art and architecture by incorporating local styles and techniques. For example, Ajanta's rock-cut caves express regional art and architecture in paintings, sculptures, and frescoes from the 2nd century BCE to 6th century CE.
✅ Promotion of Social Equality: Rock-cut architecture promoted social equality by allowing access to religious structures to people from all social classes. For instance, the rock-cut temples of Elephanta showcased the equal participation of people from different backgrounds in the construction and use of the temple.
✅Inspiration for Various Art Forms: Rock-cut architecture inspired art forms such as sculpture and painting. The Badami caves, built during 6th-8th centuries CE, influenced regional art and architecture.
✅ Influence on Philosophical and Spiritual Traditions: Rock-cut architecture influenced Buddhism and Jainism, emphasizing renunciation. Karla caves reflect Buddhist philosophy of detachment and renunciation.
Conclusion: Rock-cut architecture has not only contributed to the artistic and cultural heritage of India but also provided valuable insights into the social and economic life of ancient India. The preservation and promotion of these structures remain important in preserving India's rich cultural heritage for future generations.
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