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Correct Answer - C
Answer C crypt abscess
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Cong-Bicuspid aortic valve Aortic stenosis causes pressure overload that results in concentric hypertrophy.
o Congenital bicuspic aortic valve causes valvular aortic stenosis
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - B
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Immune complex mediated
* Postinfectious acute proliferative glomerulonephritis is due to
immune-complex mediated (Type III) hypersensitivity
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Bronchial asthma
Pathology of Asthma
Gross ?
* Lungs are overdistended because of overinflation and there may
be small area of atelactasis.
* The most striking macroscopic finding is occlusion of bronchi and
bronchioles by thick tenacious mucus plugs.
Histology
* Characterized by presence of numerous eosinophils and
neutrophils.
Curschntan spiral - Whorls of shed epithelium in mucus plugs.
Charcot -leyden crystals - Collection of crystalloids made up of eosinophilic membrane protein.
The other characteristic histological finding of Asthma is collectively
called Airway remodelling, it includes
* Thickening of the basement membrane of the bronchial
epithelium.
* Edema and an inflammatory infiltrate in the bronchial walls with a prominence of eosinophils and mast cells.
* An increase in the size of submucosal glands.
* Hypertrophy of bronchial wall muscle.
The "airway remodelling" contributes to airflow obstruction.
@sketchymedical
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Correct Answer - C
Answer- C. Polymyositis
Anti-Jo-1 antibody is a myositis specific autoantibody most
commonly found in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (UM).
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - B
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Spongiform change in brain
o The classic histologic appearance
in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is
spongiform change in the gray matter : in all six cortical layers in the cerebral cortex or with diffuse involvement of the cerebellar
molecular layer.
These vacuoles appear glassy or eosinophilic and may coalesce. Neuronal loss and gliosis are also seen.
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - B
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Promyelocytic
Tumor cells in acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3) release
procoagulant and fibrinolytic factors that cause disseminated
intravascular coagulation (DIC).
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Pheochromocytoma
o Pheochromocytomas usually subscribe to a convenient "rule of
10s" :-
10% of pheochromocytomas arise in association with one of
several familial syndromes. These include the MEN-2A & MEN-2B
syndromes, type I neurofibromatosis, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome &
Sturge-Weber syndrome.
10% of pheochromocytomas are extra-adrenal, occurring in
sites such as organ of Zuckerkandl & carotid body, where these
chromaffin-negative tumors are usually called paragangliomas to
distinguish them from pheochromocytomas.
10% of nonfamilial adrenal pheochromocytomas are bilateral;
this figure may rise to 70% in cases that are associated with familial
syndromes.
10% of adrenal
pheochromocytomas are biologically malignant,
although the associated hypertension represents a serious & potentially lethal complication of even "benign" tumors.
10% of adrenal pheochromocytomas arise in childhood, usually the
familial subtypes, and with a strong male preponderance. The
nonfamilial pheochromocytomas most often occur in adults between 40 & 60 years of age, with a slight female preponderance.
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - B
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy
Transthyretin (TTR) is normal serum protein that binds and transport
thyroxine and retinol.
TTR can cause following types of amyloidosis :?
Mutant TTR : - Mutation in TTR can cause syndrome
of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy or familial
amylodotic cardiomyopathy.
Wild (non-mutant) TTR : - There is no mutation of TTR and wild type
TTR forms fibrils which results in senile systemic amyloidosis (senile
cardiac amyloidosis).
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - B
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Promyelocytic
Tumor cells in acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3) release
procoagulant and fibrinolytic factors that cause disseminated
intravascular coagulation (DIC).
@sketchymedical
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Correct Answer - D
Answer- D. Dystrophin
Dialated cardiomyopathy occus due to defective cytoskeleton
proteins. Most important protein inovolved is dystrophin. Other
proteins affected are : (1) Desmin; (2) MLP Protein and (3) aP
crystalline proteins
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Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Hemolytic uremic syndrome Schistocytes, helment cells, triangle cells, burr cells are seen in microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA). Changes in erythrocyte morphology.
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., CML
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Correct Answer - C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Waviness of fibers
Variable waviness of fibres at border is the earliest histological
finding
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Most commonly involved artery is abdominal aorta
It is the most common form of systemic vasculitis in adults, is an
acute and chronic, often granulomatous, inflammation of arteries of large to small size.
It affects principally the arteries in the head-especially the temporal
arteries— but also the vertebral and ophthalmic arteries and the
aorta, where it may cause thoracic aortic aneurysm
@sketchymedical
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Correct Answer - D
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Hepatitis E
Blood safety :?
Under Blood Safety Programme all the blood banks have to ensure
that before transfusion of blood to the patient the mandatory tests for
HIV, VDRL, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and Malaria are done.
@sketchymedical
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Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Most common cause of
Trauma
subarachnoid hemorrhage
Rupture of Berry
Most common cause of
aneurysm
spontaneoussubarachnoid
(or hemorrhage
Saccular aneurysm)
Also know
Mycotic aneurysm ?
Mycotic aneurysm is caused by a septic embolus that weakens the
wall of the vessel in which it lodges.
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - D
Ans. is 'd' i.e., M4
In acute leukemias the clinical features are primarily seen
because of :
Replacement of normal cells of bone marrow by leukemic cells
resulting in anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia. Infiltration of leukemic cell in various extramedullary organs causing, hepalomegaly, splenomegaly.
Gum hypertrophy due to infiltration of gums by leukemic cells is one such feature. It is characteristically
associated with AML-M5 and AML-M4 i.e. (acute monocytic
leukemia).
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - B
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Gardner's syndrome
o Gardner syndrome includes adenomatous polyps of the
gastrointestinal tract, desmoid tumours, osteomas, epidermoid cysts, lipomas, dental abnormalities and periampullary carcinomas.
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - D
There are 2 Types of Fat Necrosis
1. Enzymatic fat necrosis
* This is due to action of lipase on adipose tissue.
* It occurs most frequently in acute pancreatitis due to leakage of
lipase.
* Depending on the severity of acute pancreatitis, fat necrosis may
occur in :
- Adipose tissue contiguous to pancrease, i.e., retroperitoneal fat.
- Adipose tissue in anterior mediastinum.
- Bone marrow
- Omental and abdominal fat
2. Nonenzymatic or Traumatic fat necrosis
* Occurs due to trauma
* Is seen in subcutaneous tissue of breast, thigh, and abdomen.
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - B
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Reticulocytosis
Response to iron therapy
o When specific iron therapy is given, patients often show rapid
subjective improvement, with disappearance or marked diminution of fatigue, lassitude, and other non-specific symptoms.
This response may occur before any improvment in anemia is observed.
The earliest hematological evidence of recovery is increase reticulocytes and their hemoglobin content. The reticulocytes attain a maximal value on the 5th to 10th day after institution of therapy and
thereafter gradually return to normal. The reticulocyte response may not be detectable in mild iron deficiency anemia.
The blood hemoglobin level is the most accurate measure of the
degree of anemia in iron deficiency anemia. During the response to
therapy, the red cell count may increase temporarily to values above normal, but the hemoglobin value lags behind.
The red cell indices may remain abnormal for some time after the
normal hemoglobin level is restored. As recovery occurs, a
normocytic cell population gradually replaces the microcytic
population; and one of the early signs of response to therapy is an
increase in RBW from pretreatment level.
When treatment is fully effective, hemoglobin reaches normal levels
@sketchymedical