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Correct Answer - B
Answer- B. Squamous cell carcinoma
-MYC and RB - small cell cancer
RAS and p16 - non-small cell cancer
p53 - both small and non-small cell, but highest in squamous cell
carcinoma
K-RAS –adenocarcinoma
@sketchymedical
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Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Mesothelioma
Pleural tumors
* The pleura may be involved by primary or secondary tumors.
Primary tumors
* Benign --> Solitary fibrous tumor (benign fibrous mesothelioma or benign mesothelioma or pleural fibroma).
* Malignant —> Malignant mesothelioma.
Secondary tumors
* More common than primary tumors.
* Most common primary sites are lung and breast.
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - C
Answer C crypt abscess
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Cong-Bicuspid aortic valve Aortic stenosis causes pressure overload that results in concentric hypertrophy.
o Congenital bicuspic aortic valve causes valvular aortic stenosis
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - B
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Immune complex mediated
* Postinfectious acute proliferative glomerulonephritis is due to
immune-complex mediated (Type III) hypersensitivity
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Bronchial asthma
Pathology of Asthma
Gross ?
* Lungs are overdistended because of overinflation and there may
be small area of atelactasis.
* The most striking macroscopic finding is occlusion of bronchi and
bronchioles by thick tenacious mucus plugs.
Histology
* Characterized by presence of numerous eosinophils and
neutrophils.
Curschntan spiral - Whorls of shed epithelium in mucus plugs.
Charcot -leyden crystals - Collection of crystalloids made up of eosinophilic membrane protein.
The other characteristic histological finding of Asthma is collectively
called Airway remodelling, it includes
* Thickening of the basement membrane of the bronchial
epithelium.
* Edema and an inflammatory infiltrate in the bronchial walls with a prominence of eosinophils and mast cells.
* An increase in the size of submucosal glands.
* Hypertrophy of bronchial wall muscle.
The "airway remodelling" contributes to airflow obstruction.
@sketchymedical
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Correct Answer - C
Answer- C. Polymyositis
Anti-Jo-1 antibody is a myositis specific autoantibody most
commonly found in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (UM).
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - B
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Spongiform change in brain
o The classic histologic appearance
in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is
spongiform change in the gray matter : in all six cortical layers in the cerebral cortex or with diffuse involvement of the cerebellar
molecular layer.
These vacuoles appear glassy or eosinophilic and may coalesce. Neuronal loss and gliosis are also seen.
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - B
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Promyelocytic
Tumor cells in acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3) release
procoagulant and fibrinolytic factors that cause disseminated
intravascular coagulation (DIC).
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Pheochromocytoma
o Pheochromocytomas usually subscribe to a convenient "rule of
10s" :-
10% of pheochromocytomas arise in association with one of
several familial syndromes. These include the MEN-2A & MEN-2B
syndromes, type I neurofibromatosis, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome &
Sturge-Weber syndrome.
10% of pheochromocytomas are extra-adrenal, occurring in
sites such as organ of Zuckerkandl & carotid body, where these
chromaffin-negative tumors are usually called paragangliomas to
distinguish them from pheochromocytomas.
10% of nonfamilial adrenal pheochromocytomas are bilateral;
this figure may rise to 70% in cases that are associated with familial
syndromes.
10% of adrenal
pheochromocytomas are biologically malignant,
although the associated hypertension represents a serious & potentially lethal complication of even "benign" tumors.
10% of adrenal pheochromocytomas arise in childhood, usually the
familial subtypes, and with a strong male preponderance. The
nonfamilial pheochromocytomas most often occur in adults between 40 & 60 years of age, with a slight female preponderance.
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - B
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy
Transthyretin (TTR) is normal serum protein that binds and transport
thyroxine and retinol.
TTR can cause following types of amyloidosis :?
Mutant TTR : - Mutation in TTR can cause syndrome
of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy or familial
amylodotic cardiomyopathy.
Wild (non-mutant) TTR : - There is no mutation of TTR and wild type
TTR forms fibrils which results in senile systemic amyloidosis (senile
cardiac amyloidosis).
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - B
Answer- B. Bronchi and bronchioles
-Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a condition
characterized by a hypersensitivity response to the Aspergillus (most
commonly Aspergillus fumigatus).
-An allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is a form of lung disease that occurs in some people who are allergic to Aspergillus.
-With ABPA, this allergic reaction causes the immune system to
overreact to Aspergillus leading to lung inflammation.
-ABPA causes bronchospasm (tightening of airway muscles) and
mucus buildup resulting in coughing, breathing difficulty and airway obstruction.
*it also causes airway inflammation, leading to bronchiectasis—a
condition marked by abnormal dilation of the bronchi and
bronchioles.
@sketchymedical
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Correct Answer - C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., 5 weeks
* Once blood is removed from the donor, it starts a sequences of in
vitro changes that change its physiological properties.
* Ensuring the blood and its products transfusion safe, their storage is a must.
* The main aim is to minimize damage to store blood.
* Addition of some additive solutions increases the viability of blood, particularly RBCs:
Additive Shelf life of RBC
Acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) 21
days
Citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD) 21 days
Citrate phosphate dextrose-adenine (CPD-A)
35 days
Saline-adenine-Glucose-Mannitol (SAGM)
42 days
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - B
Answer- B. Type -2 hypersensitivity
Type II reactions (Antibody mediated) → Involve immunoglobulin G
or Immunoglobulin M bound to cell surface antigen, with subsequent
complement fixation.
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - A
Answer- A. Squamous metaplasia
It occurs most frequently in respiratory tract as a result of chronic irritation by cigarette smoking.
The columnar epithelium is replaced by squamous epithelium.
This squamous metaplasia represents an attempt by the host to repair or prepare an epithelial tissue that has been damaged by environmental toxicants with a more resistant tissue.
Squamous metaplasia is also encountered in other location such as pancreatic duct (Vit A deficiency, stones in pancreatic duct), gall bladder (gall stones), urinary bladder (bladder calculi, Schistosomiasis), and in endocervix.
Though the metaplasia is reversible, if the influences that predispose to metaplasia is persistent, malignant transformation may occur in
metaplastic epithelium
Join @sketchymedical
Correct Answer - C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., CML
@sketchymedical
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Correct Answer - C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Waviness of fibers
Variable waviness of fibres at border is the earliest histological
finding
@sketchymedical
Correct Answer - C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Most commonly involved artery is abdominal aorta
It is the most common form of systemic vasculitis in adults, is an
acute and chronic, often granulomatous, inflammation of arteries of large to small size.
It affects principally the arteries in the head-especially the temporal
arteries— but also the vertebral and ophthalmic arteries and the
aorta, where it may cause thoracic aortic aneurysm
@sketchymedical
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7 . final prof : Rs 9600
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Correct Answer - D
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Hepatitis E
Blood safety :?
Under Blood Safety Programme all the blood banks have to ensure
that before transfusion of blood to the patient the mandatory tests for
HIV, VDRL, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and Malaria are done.
@sketchymedical
Best Telegram medical Channels
1 . Anatomy : @anatomyvideoss
2. Physiology : @Physiology_videos
3.Biochemistry: @biochemistry_videos
4. Pathology: @sketchymedical
5. Pharmacology : @pharma_vid
6. Microbiology : @microbiology_vid
7. forensic medicine : @forensicmedicine_videos
8. Ent : @ENTVideos
9. Opthalmolgy : @ophthamologyvideos
10. community medicine : @communitymedicinevideos
11. Internal medicine : @medicinevideoss
12. SURGERY : @surgeryvideos
13. OBG : @obs_gynee
14. paeds : @paedsvideos
15. Orthopedics : @ortho_vid
16. dermatology ; @dermatology_vid
17. psychaitry : @psychiatry_vid
18. anesthesia : @anaesthesia_vid
19. Radiology : @Radiology_videos
20. oncology : @oncology_vid
SUBJECTWISE CHANNELS👆
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23. DOCTOR IN TRAINING
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26. MEDICAL BOOKs
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28..OSMOSIS VIDEOs : @Medical_osmosis
29. KAPLAN VIDEOS : @kaplanvideos
30. UWORLD : @U_world
31. Lecturio videos : @Medical_lecturio
32. Histology & physical examination :
@physicalexaminationvideos
33. onlinMeded videos : @onlineMedEdvideos
34. PLAB , Mrcp : @Plab_MRcp
35. Dr been Videos : @Dr_beenvideos
36. Incision : @incision_videos
37. physeo : @physeo_videoss
38 Usmle Step 1&2
@usmlestep_1_2
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All u need in your medical life
Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Most common cause of
Trauma
subarachnoid hemorrhage
Rupture of Berry
Most common cause of
aneurysm
spontaneoussubarachnoid
(or hemorrhage
Saccular aneurysm)
Also know
Mycotic aneurysm ?
Mycotic aneurysm is caused by a septic embolus that weakens the
wall of the vessel in which it lodges.
@sketchymedical